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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN., THIS DISSERTATION SUBMITTED BYWASACCEPTED INPARTIAL FULFILMENTOFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THEDEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY .INTHEFACULTYOF £$IC Mm.u:aL SCX&~OFTHIS UNIVERSITYTHEEFFECTIVE DATE OFTHE AWARD IS6'm~. 2005··············································~t:;·C~.~\-(~.... ?:5.!!!~.. 1...~~~ ..~~.~.a~ ..~fr.J)DATESECRETARYPOSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
DENGUE AND WEST NILE VlHUS INFECTIONS Al\IONG PATIENTSWITII FEVER IN DIFFERF:NT PARTS OF NIGERIAMARYCELlN ~IANDU IlAllAn. Sr. (A.B.U., ZARIA), ~I.SC. VIROLOGY (IIlADAN)A thesis in the Department of Virology•SUBMITTED TO TilE FACULTY OF llASIC I\IEDICAL SCIENCES INPARTIAL FULFILMENT OFTIIE REQUIREMENTS FOR TilE DEGREF:OF DOCTOR OF PHlLOSOPIIY OFTHF: UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN,IIL\DAN, NIGF:RIA.JUNE,2005
Page 4 and 5: DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to expre
Page 8 and 9: Prof. 0 Tomori, the staff of WHO na
Page 10 and 11: KFDKUNLIMAC-ELISAMHCmRNAMAFMVENANKV
Page 12 and 13: Title of DissertationTABLE OF CONTE
Page 15 and 16: 3.4.6 Enzyme immuno assay for the d
Page 17 and 18: xv4.3.3 Gender distribution of pati
Page 19 and 20: 24 A table showing the level ofcros
Page 21 and 22: ABSTRACTDengue viruses (DENs) and W
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER ONEArboviru
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 1: MEMBERS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDA
Page 29 and 30: approximately 1O.5kb. Virions conta
Page 31 and 32: precludes infection by the oral rou
Page 33 and 34: extracellular virions respectively.
Page 35 and 36: complex- specific and group- reacti
Page 37 and 38: cleavage at the NS1/2A site, but th
Page 39 and 40: dispersal of Flaviviruses could be
Page 41 and 42: threshold. The time interval betwee
Page 43 and 44: that, in susceptible vertebrate cel
Page 45 and 46: 2.3.1RECOMBINATION OF GENETIC MATER
Page 47 and 48: ., by capillary leakage, thrombocyt
Page 49 and 50: v »infected cells. Also, lysis or
Page 51 and 52: its first major epidemic of dengue
Page 53 and 54:
sporadic outbreaks (CDC, 2001). In
Page 55 and 56:
genotype 111, which had been presen
Page 57 and 58:
immune responses by eliciting neutr
Page 59 and 60:
hydrophilicity and antigenicity. Ho
Page 61 and 62:
392.3.9 HOST GENETIC FACTORS THAT M
Page 63 and 64:
2.3.12 TREATMENT OF DENGUE VIRUS IN
Page 65 and 66:
heterogeneity among strains isolate
Page 67 and 68:
45Dogs are susceptible to infection
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48where 22% of children and 61% of
Page 71 and 72:
Experimental inoculation of pregnan
Page 73 and 74:
sonicated prior to inoculation. The
Page 75 and 76:
encoding the prM and E proteins wit
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56template yields full-length messe
Page 79 and 80:
58TABLE 2: THE ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN
Page 81 and 82:
3.3 SERUM SAMPLES COLLECTION:About
Page 83 and 84:
3.4 SEROLOGYThe IgM capture ELlSA (
Page 85 and 86:
aliquoted in lml amount in cryovial
Page 87 and 88:
covered and incubated overnight at
Page 89 and 90:
3.4.5.2 DILUTION METHODOne of these
Page 91 and 92:
environment. Aedes aegypti has been
Page 93 and 94:
3.5.5 VIRUS ISOLATION FROM FIELD-CA
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color was obtained. Flask that beca
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a) The extraction of RNA from the c
Page 99 and 100:
3.6.2.3.3 Mixture of reactants for
Page 101 and 102:
Condition of amplification:I Cycle
Page 103 and 104:
3.6.3 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMER
Page 105 and 106:
833.6.3.3 The procedure of RT-PCR f
Page 107 and 108:
3.6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF AMPLIFICATI
Page 109 and 110:
"r~-TABLE 7: TITRATION or ANTIGEN A
Page 111 and 112:
TABLE 8: TITRATION OF ANTIGEN AND M
Page 113 and 114:
4.2 PATTER."I OF DENGUE VIRUS INFEC
Page 115 and 116:
TABLE 10: DENGUE VIRUS INFECTIONS I
Page 117 and 118:
4.2.2 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF DENG
Page 119 and 120:
tD SEASON (SEPTTODECEMBER) --',19%H
Page 121 and 122:
4.23 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS W
Page 123 and 124:
4.2.4 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF I'ATIE
Page 125 and 126:
4.2.5 THE PREVALENCE OF DEN JgG ANT
Page 127 and 128:
90 r-----------------------~-------
Page 129 and 130:
4.3 IgM CAPTURE ELlSA FOR WEST NiLE
Page 131 and 132:
10.90.80.7(/lW;:)...J~ 0.5ci 0.400.
Page 133 and 134:
TABLE 18:SEASONAL PATTERN OF WNV Ig
Page 135 and 136:
TABLE 19: MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF W
Page 137 and 138:
TABLE 20: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF WNV I
Page 139 and 140:
TABLE 21:GENDER DISTRIIlUTION OF WN
Page 141 and 142:
TABLE 22: THE PREVALENCE OF WNV IgG
Page 143 and 144:
4.4. THE PREVALENCE OF YELLOW FEVER
Page 145 and 146:
COLD HARMATTANSEASON35%HOT DRY SEAS
Page 147 and 148:
.._-~._--TABLE 24: SHOWING THE LEVr
Page 149 and 150:
1~74.7 DILUTION OF DEN POSITIVE IgM
Page 151 and 152:
4.8 VECTOlUAL STUDIES ON MOSQUITO V
Page 153 and 154:
:.~. , ,, ,'\"i,,~;"'~'.,0,';i~! ,.
Page 155 and 156:
--_._-~._,--_._-------TABLE 26: THE
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 12: SEMI NESTED peR WITH AED
Page 159 and 160:
4.8.2.2 RT·PCR FOR WNV IN CULEX MO
Page 161 and 162:
139, '"i., ',"Figure 15:RT-PCR ON C
Page 163 and 164:
"Figure 16; RT-rcn ON WNV POSITIVE
Page 165 and 166:
CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONC
Page 167 and 168:
antibody positive hy MAC-ELlSA on a
Page 169 and 170:
elationship between the prevalence
Page 171 and 172:
status (that is having previous den
Page 173 and 174:
WNV RNA were C~ll[;htprcdomiuan.ly
Page 175 and 176:
patient is not uncommon if it could
Page 177 and 178:
eports (Gublcr 1997, 1998b), which
Page 179 and 180:
detection is a serologic method tha
Page 181 and 182:
November. This is because mosquito
Page 183 and 184:
Ben-Nathan, D. and Feuerstein, G. (
Page 185 and 186:
Cantilc, c. Di Guardo, G. E.; Leni,
Page 187 and 188:
--~------.,Chomczynski, P. and Sacc
Page 189 and 190:
Edelman, R.; Wasserman, S. S.; Bodi
Page 191 and 192:
Gannendia, A.E.; Van kruningen, HJ.
Page 193 and 194:
Gubler, D. Iand'Irent, D.W.(1994):
Page 195 and 196:
Hammon , W. McD.( 1969): Observatio
Page 197 and 198:
Innis., B.L.; Nisalak, A; Nimmannit
Page 199 and 200:
Koonin, E. V. (1993;): Computer-ass
Page 201 and 202:
179Leitmeyer, K. C.; Vaughn, D. W.;
Page 203 and 204:
Marberg, K; Goldblum, N.; Sterk, V.
Page 205 and 206:
Monath T P (1994) Dengue: the risk
Page 207 and 208:
Paradoa, Preze. M. 1.; TrujiIlo, Y.
Page 209 and 210:
Rice, C. M.and Strauss, J. H. (1990
Page 211 and 212:
Shi, P.Y.; Kanfman, E.B.; Ren, P.;
Page 213 and 214:
Sumiyoshi, H.; Tignor, G. H. and Sh
Page 215 and 216:
infection with some arboviruses. Tr
Page 217 and 218:
Webster, L.T. (1993): Inherited and
Page 219 and 220:
APPENDI X I:INOCULATION OF MICE WIT
Page 221 and 222:
APPENDIX 2PREPARATION OF REAGENTS1.
Page 223 and 224:
•17. Preparation of PrimersPrimer
Page 225:
APPENDIX 4IgM EUSA RESULTS AFTER Ti
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