In the Service of Young People? Studies and Reflections on Media ...

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Divina Frau-MeigsWhat needs yet to be fully explored by public broadcasters is <strong>the</strong> pleasure <strong>of</strong>play that children <strong>and</strong> young people experience on <strong>the</strong> digital media. Broadcastersin <strong>the</strong> past have been through a variety <strong>of</strong> considerations related to <strong>the</strong>ir publics:from citizens to audiences to customers; digital media add <strong>the</strong> potential for seeing<strong>the</strong>m as players (Syvertsen 2004). This playful activity is currently being equatedwith participation, still within a consumerist paradigm. Yet, <strong>the</strong> edutainmentpossibilities <strong>of</strong> some s<strong>of</strong>tware <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> some dedicated, commercial-free sites havealready been proved <strong>and</strong> need to be explored some more, especially if <strong>the</strong> cursoreffect has to be fought effectively. Public broadcasters have an ethical role toplay, in defining formats <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ards for how participants can be portrayed<strong>and</strong> in evaluating <strong>the</strong> risks <strong>the</strong>y are invited to take. This role is especially necessaryas many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> on-line participatory activities are aimed at young people,whose population is increasingly segmented into niche publics according to <strong>the</strong>irage (0-4, 5-7, 8-12, 12-16, 16 <strong>and</strong> above), thus producing a very fragmentedperception <strong>of</strong> youth, for <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> e-marketing.The renewed debate on harmful contentThis debate on privacy <strong>and</strong> data protection, especially <strong>of</strong> minors, has been fused,<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten confused, with o<strong>the</strong>r issues related to children’s protection, like harmfulcontent potentially leading to harmful behaviour, as multimedia applications –especially blogging <strong>and</strong> mo-blogging (mobile blogging) – allow for more <strong>and</strong>more youth participation. The challenges posed to parents <strong>and</strong> educators arerelated to speed <strong>of</strong> diffusion, availability, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> children’s adept navigation skills.Contrary to traditional media where <strong>the</strong> source <strong>of</strong> broadcasting had mastery overcontent, on-line broadcasting <strong>and</strong> production can come from <strong>the</strong> users-turnedproducers,some <strong>of</strong> whom are children <strong>and</strong> young people. On-line media provideadditional exposure to racist <strong>and</strong> xenophobic content <strong>and</strong> to adult activities aimedat children like digital stalking <strong>and</strong> paedophilia. These fringe activities are morecarefully monitored than o<strong>the</strong>r harmful activities, such as on-line addiction, bullying,or incitement to commit suicide (in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> sites on bulimia <strong>and</strong> anorexiawhose original intent was to provide a hot-line for teenagers in distress buthave been subverted or hijacked by apologists <strong>of</strong> such self-damaging practices).An additional risk comes from <strong>of</strong>f-line activities that are shown on-line <strong>and</strong> c<strong>and</strong>amage children’s physical <strong>and</strong> psychic integrity, in actions imitating such programsas Jack Ass (shown on MTV <strong>and</strong> carried by national networks). Placing <strong>the</strong> emphasison knee-jerk emotion <strong>and</strong> prejudice-as-fun, <strong>the</strong>se programs have raisedethical concerns, as <strong>the</strong> behaviour <strong>the</strong>y encourage is not necessarily more appropriateor more socially beneficial for young people, especially as future citizens.Some on-line extensions <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>f-line legislation exist for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> minors,<strong>the</strong> courts taking into consideration <strong>the</strong> heavy penetration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> new mediain <strong>the</strong> homes. <strong>In</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States for instance, <strong>the</strong> Court decided to treat obscenematerials available on <strong>the</strong> <strong>In</strong>ternet in <strong>the</strong> same way as videotapes, in <strong>the</strong>20
Public <strong>Service</strong> on Digital Mediacase United States v. Thomas (1996), confirmed by Reno v. ACLU (1997). The FTC,after much lobbying from civil society movements like <strong>the</strong> Consumer Federation<strong>of</strong> America, has been given authority to establish some regulation about marketingaimed at children, via <strong>the</strong> Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA),effective as <strong>of</strong> 2000. The law requires <strong>of</strong> commercial sites aimed at young peoplebelow 13 years <strong>of</strong> age: 1) to inform parents that <strong>the</strong>y are collecting data; 2)to obtain verifiable parental consent before proceeding to <strong>the</strong> data collection onchildren; <strong>and</strong> 3) to give parents access to <strong>the</strong> collected data <strong>and</strong> allow <strong>the</strong>m torestrict <strong>the</strong>ir use. These measures are accompanied with an educational addendumfor <strong>the</strong> training <strong>of</strong> website operators, specialized publications for schools,<strong>and</strong> an <strong>of</strong>ficial governmental website to inform <strong>the</strong> general public better on <strong>the</strong>protection <strong>of</strong> minors.This trend has been followed in o<strong>the</strong>r countries that have pushed it fur<strong>the</strong>r. <strong>In</strong>2001, <strong>the</strong> Home Office in <strong>the</strong> United Kingdom launched a series <strong>of</strong> campaigns tosensitize young people <strong>and</strong> adults to <strong>the</strong> risks <strong>of</strong> <strong>In</strong>ternet. Adolescents were targeted<strong>and</strong> reached via <strong>the</strong> media <strong>the</strong>y use most, with radio spots, cinema releases,on-line messages <strong>and</strong> a dedicated <strong>In</strong>ternet site, , whileparents were reached through <strong>the</strong> written press <strong>and</strong> a web page, . <strong>In</strong> France, la Conférence de la famille, in 2005, maderecommendations in <strong>the</strong> same direction, following previous recommendations<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Forum des Droits sur l’<strong>In</strong>ternet. Besides parental consent, it calls for: training<strong>of</strong> webmasters managing teen-sites, information campaigns with a hotline <strong>and</strong> areference portal with links to all accredited entities legitimate in children’s protection,on-line or <strong>of</strong>f-line, . The creation <strong>of</strong> a label “QualitéFamille” has been preferred to <strong>the</strong> option, to inform parents on <strong>the</strong> quality<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> services <strong>of</strong>fered by <strong>the</strong> sites used by <strong>the</strong>ir children. The classificationwill be done by age, as in <strong>the</strong> traditional media. Such referencing will be left to<strong>the</strong> choice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operators <strong>of</strong> services but <strong>the</strong> commission Famille <strong>In</strong>ternet willestablish <strong>the</strong> various criteria for getting <strong>the</strong> label <strong>and</strong> do <strong>the</strong> follow-up.The Forum des Droits sur l’<strong>In</strong>ternet has produced a series <strong>of</strong> reports on children<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>In</strong>ternet, that deal with issues <strong>of</strong> publicity, pornography, violence, aswell as o<strong>the</strong>r, more positive uses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>In</strong>ternet (2004, 2005). It has worked inclose collaboration with partners from different sectors (industry, research, civilsociety) <strong>and</strong> has allowed <strong>the</strong>m to be present at <strong>the</strong> design stage <strong>of</strong> recommendationsra<strong>the</strong>r than at <strong>the</strong> implementation stage <strong>of</strong> policies. This strategy points ata possible re-direction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whole notion <strong>of</strong> public service, <strong>of</strong>ten criticized forits paternalistic smugness in relation to <strong>the</strong> various national publics: <strong>In</strong>stead <strong>of</strong>being managed by decision-makers from a top-down perspective, it can be <strong>the</strong>result <strong>of</strong> a wider consultation <strong>of</strong> actors, experts <strong>and</strong> users from a bottom-up perspective.The state acts as guarantor <strong>of</strong> democratic values such as <strong>the</strong> protection<strong>of</strong> minors, but <strong>the</strong> whole network <strong>of</strong> people around young people (educators,parents, developers, service providers, etc. – <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> children <strong>the</strong>mselves) havean early say in <strong>the</strong> matter.21
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Page 3 and 4: Yearbook 2005/2006In</stron
Page 5 and 6: Magda Abu-FadilLebanese Youth <stro
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Harmful to Children?The future rese
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Harmful to Children?approach, it ma
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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Divided CityInform
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Divided CityAfrica’s digital excl
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Divided CityThe state of</s
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Divided CityThe questions posed wer
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Divided Cityasked Kituo cha Sheria,
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Divided Cityand vi
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Divided CityThe way forwardMounting
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Divided CityMutume, Gumisai (2003)
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Lilia RaychevaThe transition was sl
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Lilia Raychevaby more than 1,800 ca
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Lilia Raycheva2002). These were som
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Lilia Raychevalike objects for mora
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Lucyna Kirwilshown on television th
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Lucyna KirwilTable 1.Sample <strong
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Lucyna Kirwilthrillers shown at nig
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Lucyna Kirwilpositive and</
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Lucyna KirwilTable 4.Life goals in
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Lucyna Kirwilsocial equality, <stro
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Lucyna KirwilTable 5.Secure vs. ris
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Lucyna Kirwil• solving problems u
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Lucyna KirwilThese four important a
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Lucyna Kirwilon producers a
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Lucyna KirwilMalamuth N.M. & Impett
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Indrajit Banerjee
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Indrajit Banerjee
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Indrajit Banerjee
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Indrajit Banerjee
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Bu Weiand communic
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Bu Wei11) children with HIV or from
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Bu Weitection issues. Particularly,
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Bu Weidifficult positions. And <str
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Bu WeiSolutions in the</str
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Bu WeiNo matter whose daughter she
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Bu Wei• through study and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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C.K. Cheung & Lee Rothe</st
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Twenty-first Century LearnersA Need
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Twenty-first Century Learnerspart <
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Twenty-first Century LearnersHarnes
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Twenty-first Century Learnersor to
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Twenty-first Century LearnersHoweve
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Twenty-first Century LearnersConclu
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Twenty-first Century LearnersMorgan
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Twenty-first Century LearnersGeogra
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Twenty-first Century LearnersSome o
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Twenty-first Century Learners<stron
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Twenty-first Century LearnersComput
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Ulla Carlssonyears we have seen a s
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Ulla CarlssonPerceptions of
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Ulla CarlssonAre young people influ
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Ulla Carlssonthat media violence ha
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Ulla CarlssonIn <s
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Ulla CarlssonWhat measures to reduc
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Ulla CarlssonSwedish legislationTVR
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Ulla CarlssonTable 6.Views on <stro
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Ulla CarlssonSummaryFor decades mas
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Ulla Carlssonvon Feilitzen, C (2004
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Vítor Reia-Baptistanels of
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Vítor Reia-Baptistais a skilled SM
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Vítor Reia-Baptistatenors
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Vítor Reia-BaptistaThe democratiza
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Vítor Reia-Baptistamunicate. The o
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Vítor Reia-BaptistaNotes1. Eco, 19
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ContentsWhat is Media and</
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What is Media and
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What is Media and
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What is Media and
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Media Literacy for Children, <stron
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Activities, Projects and</s
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III Children’s and</stron
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Children’s and <
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Activities, Projects and</s
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1. Two Examples of
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1. Two Examples of
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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3. Further Resourc
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Media Literacy for Media Pr
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Internet Literacyi
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Internet LiteracyS
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Internet Literacyi
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Internet Literacyi
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Internet LiteracyT
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Internet LiteracyC
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Internet Literacy
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Internet Literacyo
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Internet Literacy<
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Internet Literacy
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Internet LiteracyT
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References(besides links an
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ReferencesRother,
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AuthorsThorsten HeldLucyna KirwilGe
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Books on children, young people <st
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