In the Service of Young People? Studies and Reflections on Media ...

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Divina Frau-Meigs. This large entity is elaborating a worldwide agenda for internationalprotections against abusive marketing practices aimed at children; it hasproposed a set <strong>of</strong> principles on children <strong>and</strong> e-commerce that have been acceptedby <strong>the</strong> European Union within <strong>the</strong> framework <strong>of</strong> its “Safer <strong>In</strong>ternet” program.This emphasis on safety, associated with <strong>the</strong> “Safe Harbor” solution, heralds yetano<strong>the</strong>r anchoring <strong>of</strong> digital media into reality <strong>and</strong> real world concerns, with anadaptation <strong>of</strong> prior public service obligations proposed for traditional commercialmedia.Conclusion: options for <strong>the</strong> futureThe examples <strong>and</strong> situations <strong>of</strong> public service broadcasting for children showthat public service on-line is focusing on missions that are not provided by commercialmedia: patrimony <strong>and</strong> memory instead <strong>of</strong> immediacy <strong>and</strong> motility (a compositeword for mobility <strong>and</strong> ubiquity). It <strong>of</strong>fers on-line <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>f-line combinations,especially in developing countries, where <strong>the</strong> ultimate technologies are notalways available. Public service entities are trying to position <strong>the</strong>mselves as crossplatformmedia with hybrid funding <strong>and</strong> subsidies. There may be some advantagein independent programme sources out <strong>of</strong> broadcasters control, if attentionis paid to call on small businesses <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r collectives as a source <strong>of</strong> alternativeproductions. But it also implies to monitor private-public partnerships carefully,as public broadcasters must make sure <strong>the</strong>y do not contribute to third-party pr<strong>of</strong>its<strong>and</strong> make <strong>the</strong> public pay twice for <strong>the</strong> same product.The dominant trend, however, is for commercial backing <strong>and</strong> for weak regulation,but this creates fragmentation <strong>and</strong> calls for renewed media ethics in <strong>the</strong> digitalage. The new responsibilities for public service broadcasting over-<strong>the</strong>-net indicatea need to develop <strong>the</strong>se ethics, especially for education in simulated playfulenvironments <strong>and</strong> for interaction between peers <strong>and</strong> between adults <strong>and</strong> youngpeople. There is <strong>the</strong> potential for a renewed social contract in which children<strong>and</strong> young people can be more implicated, thus revisiting notions <strong>of</strong> empowerment<strong>and</strong> participation. Participation <strong>of</strong> children can take a variety <strong>of</strong> forms, fromintegration in decision-making to grassroots initiatives (Rowl<strong>and</strong>s 1997; Riepl <strong>and</strong>Witnersberger 1999). <strong>In</strong>creasingly, it seems to imply letting <strong>the</strong>ir viewing <strong>and</strong>listening situation determine <strong>the</strong> content <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> format <strong>of</strong> public service productions.These examples may show <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future for public service as a whole.Some unchanging principles are staying, such as distance from vested interests,commitment for education, <strong>and</strong> competition for quality st<strong>and</strong>ards <strong>and</strong> not foraudience shares (Tracey 1998; Garnham 1983). New ones are being tested <strong>and</strong>added, that avoid <strong>the</strong> pitfalls <strong>of</strong> public sphere mantras <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> championing <strong>of</strong>media practices that some perceive as increasingly irrelevant (Jacka 2003). Thereis indeed still a lot <strong>of</strong> symbolic <strong>and</strong> cultural capital to be expended digitally, as24
Public <strong>Service</strong> on Digital Media<strong>the</strong> low-brow/high-brow hierarchies are shifting as well as <strong>the</strong> private/publicboundaries. The emergence <strong>of</strong> civil society actors in <strong>the</strong> debate over public valueindicates that between state <strong>and</strong> markets <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>the</strong> need for relational goods,beyond commercial services, with a large <strong>and</strong> varied non-pr<strong>of</strong>it third sector.These new actors in <strong>the</strong> process, especially all members in <strong>the</strong> chain <strong>of</strong> responsibilityaround <strong>the</strong> child, posit that media as common, relational goods aregrounded on diversity <strong>and</strong> on forms <strong>of</strong> regulation that should aim at some protection(from markets), some obligations (to relational goods), <strong>and</strong> some controls(by a variety <strong>of</strong> actors, not necessarily <strong>the</strong> state only). They herald <strong>the</strong> needto change who <strong>the</strong> gatekeepers are, <strong>and</strong> claim <strong>the</strong>ir involvement in <strong>the</strong> designstages as well as <strong>the</strong> implementation stages <strong>of</strong> rules <strong>and</strong> policies. As such <strong>the</strong>yare moving public service beyond its stale image <strong>of</strong> paternalism, beyond a reifiedunderst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> democracy <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> public interest, <strong>and</strong> beyond mere consumersovereignty, towards more democratization <strong>and</strong> better underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> userneeds.The new principles <strong>of</strong> public service that are emerging thus revolve around<strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> co-regulation, showing that democracy is a changing process in which<strong>the</strong> people are still willing to invest, with forms <strong>of</strong> identity formation <strong>and</strong> culturalpractices that can be agreed upon in a given society (Garnham 2000): ensureparticipation, by promoting interaction ra<strong>the</strong>r than interactivity; ensure balancebetween public-private partnerships; ensure media education <strong>and</strong> digital literacy;pay attention to <strong>the</strong> young persons’ listening <strong>and</strong> viewing situation <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir roleas players; <strong>and</strong> attach public service to relational goods, with a promotion <strong>of</strong>what looks like an alternative to public service over-<strong>the</strong>-net – <strong>the</strong> creativecommons model, where public service is defined by users-producers (inopposition to <strong>the</strong> current commercial common carrier model). Falling short <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>se principles brings <strong>the</strong> risk that public values will not be maintained, especiallyif <strong>the</strong>y do not involve young people, as <strong>the</strong> under-25s are <strong>the</strong> heaviest consumers<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> potential tax-payers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> future, in virtuality <strong>and</strong> in reality.ReferencesAnderson, L. “Mixing Ten Cool with e-commerce Savvy”, <strong>In</strong>dustry St<strong>and</strong>ard, 14 June 1999.Ang, P.H. “The Role <strong>of</strong> Self-Regulation <strong>of</strong> Privacy <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>In</strong>ternet”, Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>In</strong>teractive Advertising,1 (2) (Spring 2001): 1-16.Banerjee, I. <strong>and</strong> Seneviratne K (eds.). Public <strong>Service</strong> Broadcasting: A Best Practices Sourcebook. Paris:Unesco, 2005.Commission Nationale <strong>In</strong>formatique et Libertés. <strong>In</strong>ternet et la collecte de données personnelles desmineurs. Paris: CNIL, 2001.Forum des droits sur l’internet. Les enfants du Net, tomes 1 et 2. Rapport au Ministère des Solidarités,de la Santé et de la Famille. Paris, mars 2004 et janvier 2005, available at .Frau-Meigs, D. (ed). “Les programmes jeunesse. Réenchanter la télévision”, Dossier de l’Audiovisuel108 (2003).25
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Page 3 and 4: Yearbook 2005/2006In</stron
Page 5 and 6: Magda Abu-FadilLebanese Youth <stro
Page 7: ForewordDuring the
Page 10 and 11: Forewordtangential in several respe
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Harmful to Children?approach, it ma
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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The Arab Child and
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Divided CityInform
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Divided CityAfrica’s digital excl
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Divided CityThe state of</s
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Divided CityThe questions posed wer
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Divided Cityasked Kituo cha Sheria,
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Divided Cityand vi
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Divided CityThe way forwardMounting
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Divided CityMutume, Gumisai (2003)
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Geoff Leal
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Lilia RaychevaThe transition was sl
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Lilia Raychevaby more than 1,800 ca
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Lilia Raycheva2002). These were som
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Lilia Raychevalike objects for mora
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Lucyna Kirwilshown on television th
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Lucyna KirwilTable 1.Sample <strong
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Lucyna Kirwilthrillers shown at nig
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Lucyna Kirwilpositive and</
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Lucyna KirwilTable 4.Life goals in
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Lucyna Kirwilsocial equality, <stro
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Lucyna KirwilTable 5.Secure vs. ris
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Lucyna Kirwil• solving problems u
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Lucyna KirwilThese four important a
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Lucyna Kirwilon producers a
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Lucyna KirwilMalamuth N.M. & Impett
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Indrajit Banerjee
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Indrajit Banerjee
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Indrajit Banerjee
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Indrajit Banerjee
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Bu Weiand communic
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Bu Wei11) children with HIV or from
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Bu Weitection issues. Particularly,
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Bu Weidifficult positions. And <str
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Bu WeiSolutions in the</str
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Bu WeiNo matter whose daughter she
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Bu Wei• through study and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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Lebanese Youth and
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C.K. Cheung & Lee Rothe</st
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Youth Media and Me
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Twenty-first Century LearnersA Need
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Twenty-first Century Learnerspart <
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Twenty-first Century LearnersHarnes
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Twenty-first Century Learnersor to
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Twenty-first Century LearnersHoweve
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Twenty-first Century LearnersConclu
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Twenty-first Century LearnersMorgan
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Twenty-first Century LearnersGeogra
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Twenty-first Century LearnersSome o
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Twenty-first Century Learners<stron
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Twenty-first Century LearnersComput
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Together They Are
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Ulla Carlssonyears we have seen a s
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Ulla CarlssonPerceptions of
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Ulla CarlssonAre young people influ
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Ulla Carlssonthat media violence ha
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Ulla CarlssonIn <s
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Ulla CarlssonWhat measures to reduc
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Ulla CarlssonSwedish legislationTVR
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Ulla CarlssonTable 6.Views on <stro
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Ulla CarlssonSummaryFor decades mas
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Ulla Carlssonvon Feilitzen, C (2004
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Vítor Reia-Baptistanels of
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Vítor Reia-Baptistais a skilled SM
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Vítor Reia-Baptistatenors
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Vítor Reia-BaptistaThe democratiza
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Vítor Reia-Baptistamunicate. The o
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Vítor Reia-BaptistaNotes1. Eco, 19
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ContentsWhat is Media and</
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What is Media and
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What is Media and
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What is Media and
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Media Literacy for Children, <stron
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Activities, Projects and</s
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III Children’s and</stron
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Children’s and <
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Activities, Projects and</s
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1. Two Examples of
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1. Two Examples of
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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2. Other Youth Med
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3. Further Resourc
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Media Literacy for Media Pr
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Internet Literacyi
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Internet LiteracyS
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Internet Literacyi
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Internet Literacyi
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Internet LiteracyT
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Internet LiteracyC
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Internet Literacy
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Internet Literacyo
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Internet Literacy<
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Internet Literacy
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Internet LiteracyT
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References(besides links an
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ReferencesRother,
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AuthorsThorsten HeldLucyna KirwilGe
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Books on children, young people <st
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