Review (LpR)

www.led-professional.comISSN 1993-890XReviewThe leading worldwide authority for LED lighting technology information Sept/Oct 2011 | Issue 27LpREnhanced LED Driving ConceptsPatterned Sapphire SubstratesHB-LEDs on FR4 PCBsLighting Event ReportPreview - LpS 2011

CREE XLAMP ® LIGHTING-CLASS LEDsXLAMP ML-B & ML-E LEDsOptimized fOrsmOOth lOOk lightingLonger lifetime than backlighting LEDs(and the LM-80 data to prove it)Best color consistency with industry’ssmallest color binsXLAMP XP-E HEW LEDsOptimized fOrnOn-directiOnal lightingLowers the cost of high-efficiencyLED systemsLight optimized for your application- many CCT & CRI options availableXLAMP CXA2011 LEDsOptimized fOrnOn-directiOnal lightingSimple assembly – no soldering orconnectors requiredWide lumen output range - up to3500 lumens at 45W, 85°CCREE XLAMP LEDs ARE APPLICATIONOPTIMIZED FOR LOWER SYSTEM COSTREVOLUTIONARY!Cree XLamp ® Lighting-Class LEDs arepurposefully designed to deliver theindustry’s best performance and optimizedspecifically for distinct applications.Our revolutionary product portfolio enablesyou to design brighter, more efficientluminaires with fewer LEDs or simply useless LEDs and save space. So whetheryou’re designing the next generation ofindoor downlights or lights that emulatethe look of fluorescent tubes, you canlower your system cost.Get samples of Cree XLamp LEDs orcontact a Cree Solutions Provider atcree.com or call us at 800.533.2583Get Cree reference designsfor non-directional applicationsat cree.com/ref

EDITORIAL1LED LightingTechnologies -LpS 2011In general, there is no doubt that LEDs will be the light source of the future. This is true evenif it takes a few more years to cut down costs before entering increasingly more applicationareas. It is an evolutionary law that technical systems evolve according to S-curves and atthe beginning one of the most important drivers is the development of the technology whichmakes the system work in an efficient, robust and cost effective manner.This ongoing, fast technology development can also be seen in the LED domain. We justhave to look back at recent new approaches in the fields of LED arrays, high-voltage LEDs,remote phosphor platforms, off-line drivers, driver-less systems, RGBX control, spectraltuning, free-form optics, and cooling concepts to name a few. Understanding winningtechnologies is key, but understanding them in the context of the environment, regardingrequirements, standardization and realization capabilities is crucial.This is exactly what the LED professional Symposium +Expo 2011, (LpS 2011) offers you.Get insights into LED lighting technologies and explore winning approaches in combinationwith an exhibition where you can meet international leaders from the field of LED lighting.A workshop about disruptive innovation technology and LED market research will open theevent. Seven sessions, including 27 technical papers and 9 poster presentations, will coverthe areas LED technologies, optical components, electronic components, measurement,testing, manufacturing, lighting systems, standardization and reliability. Exhibitors fromEurope, North America and Asia are presenting their technologies, products and services in60 booths with a total booth area of about 550m 2 in the Bregenzer Festspielhaus. Thisconvention center recently won an award for the best European congress-center 2011.We are very excited about hosting this event and meeting all the experts at the symposium.This is a great chance for new business prospects and making key contacts.I would like to take this opportunity to personally invite you to this event!Use this chance to learn about the Winning Approaches of LED Technologies.I’m really looking forward to meeting you in the heart of Europe!Yours Sincerely,Siegfried LugerPublisherPS: Registration – www.lps2011.comSeptember 27-29, 2011 in Bregenz / Austria© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

OVERVIEW2ContentAdvertising IndexCreeC2Editorial p 1Imprint p 60EVENTSLpS 2011 Advisory Board Q & Aby Siegfried Luger, LED professionalCOMMENTARY p 4News - PROJECTS p 5News - PRODUCTS p 6News - RESEARCH p 23News - EVENTS p 24p 26LpS 2011 p 3Samsung p 7Toshiba p 9LEDLink p 11Infineon p 13Avago Technologies p 13Philips p 15Meanwell p 17Carclo p 19Kunze Folien p 21Kingbright Electronic Europe p 23LED Lighting Taiwan 2011 - Photonics is LEDsby Arno Grabher-Meyer, LED professionalINTERVIEWNew Technology Concepts in the LED Lighting IndustryThomas Zabel, e:lumixby Siegfried Luger, LED professionalTECHNOLOGYSapphire Wafer Wet Etching versus Dry Etchingby Carolyn Gruske & Derek Mendes, Imtec Acculine Inc.ELECTRONICSAn Advanced and Complete LED Driving Solutionby Luigi Pistoni & Massimiliano Merisio, STMicroelectronicsHigh-Efficient, High-Power Multi-Channel LED Driverby Winfried Beyer & Stephan Gruber, exscitron GmbHSPECIAL TOPICSHigh Brightness LEDs on FR4 Laminatesby Gerhard Neumann, melecs GmbH & Co KGp 28p 38p 42p 48p 54p 62Seoul Semiconductor p 24Philips Lumileds p 25Zenaro p 29Edison Opto p 31Everlight p 35Seoul Semiconductor p 37Vossloh-Schwabe p 39Seoul Semiconductor p 40RoodMicrotec p 40Farnell p 41Glyn p 43inpotron p 45Intertech Pira - LEDs 2011 p 45SignComplex p 47Recom p 49SignComplex p 52Instrument Systems p 53LED China 2012 p 57Lighting Japan 2012 p 57Fischer Elektronik p 59Arrow p 61OLEDs World Summit 2011 p 63Global LED Lighting Tech 2011 p 64China SSL 2011 p 67LpS 2011 p 68TridonicOsramC3C4Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

COMMENTARY4Eduardo PereiraThe principal engineer ofthe LED driver technologyteam at Tridonic(Zumtobel) Switzerland,currently researches highfrequency powerconverter topologiesapplied to LED driverstogether with colorcontrol and stabilizationalgorithms. He receivedhis B.S. and M.Sc.degrees in electricalengineering from theFederal University ofSanta Catarina,Florianópolis, Brazil, in2000 and 2002,respectively.WHAT ABOUT THEDRIVER?Back in the eighties, LEDs were onlyseen when your record player was on.By the nineties small LEDs wereemployed on the keyboards anddisplays of mobile phones. Nowadays,they are being used to backlight TVpanels and soon they will be replacingincandescent and compact fluorescentbulbs in most households.Today, in LED technology, there areplenty of reasons to think that thetechnical limits of the amount of usefullight that can be created by a singleLED chip is nearly reached. Back in2009 the IEEE Spectrum magazinepresented an instructive article on theLED “droop”. This limitation can only beresolved in advanced research labs. Inthe meantime, this hurdle is overtakenby getting larger amounts of LED chipsin the design of a luminary. While mostresearch efforts are trying to increasethe luminous efficacy (lm/W) of the LEDchip, little or almost no attention hasbeen given to the electronic driver.When the driver electrical efficiency isnot taken into account, even thebiggest achievement in terms ofluminous efficacy can be hidden by thewrong selection.The ones dealing with the LED chiprarely create a specification for theelectronic driver; this is a job for theluminary manufacturer. Until someyears ago, only small steps were madein the development of electronic driversfor LED luminaries.. The LED array itselfis created by electronic engineers andthe electronic driver is often developedalongside the LED, which in all honesty,is an easy job for these engineers.However, this fact caused a delay in thedevelopment of universal or perfectlymatched LED arrays and powersupplies. Happily, this is changing.A state of the art isolated LED driverhas a typical efficiency of about 83%.On the other hand, more complextopologies can boost the efficiency upto 97%. This difference in performancecan be directly measured in the inputpower to the LED system. Therefore, bychoosing the right the total system,efficacy can be improved by more than10%. I am not saying that the actualefforts to increase luminous efficacy ofLED chips are useless, they are just thetip of the iceberg. The energy balanceof the total system shall be taken intoaccount. This balance will define thesize of the solar panel required in aremote application, the amount ofbattery power necessary in anemergency system or the energy bill tobe paid by the end user. Anotheraspect to be taken into account issafety and protection mechanisms. AnLED driver should not only protect itselfbut also signal failures and circumventdestruction of the LEDs, which are themost expensive part of the total system.Special attention should be given totemperature management.Lifetime and light output of LEDs areaffected negatively with increasedtemperature. Consequently, theelectronic driver must show the ability ofnot only detecting the LED’stemperature but also to manage thelimits properly. Some sort of “IntelligentTemperature Guard” is required. Thedriver shouldn’t shut the LEDs down atthe first over temperature event; keep inmind that the main goal of an LEDsystem is to generate light! An electronicdriver which, for example, is able todetect an over temperature event andkeep a track of the tendency of the LEDtemperature would be a solution.In summary, the right electronic drivercan be selected based on an improvedunderstanding of the LED technologyand the interactions with the electronicdriver. Another issue when specifyingan LED system (LED + driver) is tounderstand how manufacturers arecommunicating the performance oftheir devices. This can be extremelyhard given the way each manufacturerreports its performance.There are two big challenges whenselecting the right driver: choosingthe relevant features given theparticulars of each project anddistinguishing the truth from fiction inpublished data.E.P.Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

NEWSPROJECTS5LumenpulseIlluminates BannerMD Anderson CancerCenterNext to US 60 – the main highway that travelsthrough the Southeast Valley town of Gilbert,Arizona - the new Banner MD AndersonCancer Center is a state-of-the-art facility builton the campus of the Banner GatewayMedical Center.Above the doors to the future main entranceof the facility is a four-story, 69 ft. tall, latticedtower. This metal structure is roughly 30 X 30square feet in dimension, and designed toresemble the leaves and branches of the paloverde tree – known to be synonymous withnursing for its healing properties.In the daytime patients and visitors can relaxon balconies from the 2nd and 3rd floorslooking into the tower where they are bathedin a natural light show created by the day’ssunlight dancing against panels oftranslucent white fabric that line the interior ofthe tower.By night the client wanted to create an evenmore inspiring patient experience through thetower’s presence by lighting the structure in away that represents an eternal flame – auniversal and well-loved symbol of enduranceand hope.The Challenge: Transforming a tower into abeacon of light at nightThe goal set for the lighting designer was totransform the metal-based feature into aninspiring beacon of light that would representhealing and hope for the center’s patients andstaff after the sun goes down.The “Lantern of Hope” is lit with cutting edge LED technology*The cancer center building project itself wasalready conceptualized before the clientdecided to illuminate the symbolic towerstructure but as the design progressed, itbecame apparent that the structureresembled a lantern, the "Lantern of Hope".With the end goals clearly in mind, the lightingproject presented a number of designchallenges created by the unique structure inplace and the physical environment it resided in.The heat and dryness of the desert was a keyfactor, requiring that any fixtures used berobust enough to withstand substantial shiftsin temperature and provide protection fromintrusive sand particles.The unique nature of the structure mademounting the fixtures a design andtechnological obstacle. The luminaires had tobe in just the right locations and at the correctangles to accomplish the desired result ofcreating consistent color effect across eachcloth panel while remaining hidden.Consideration also had to be given to gettingpeople up the four stories of the tower formaintenance so it was crucial to have a lowmaintenance solution and fixtures that couldbe easily attended to when necessary.Finally Arizona’s dark night sky was aconsideration, with the lighting designrequiring a solution to perform withinacceptable brightness and contrast limitationsto avoid skyglow effects.The Lumenpulse Solution: Lighting the“Lantern of Hope” with LED technologyLED technology was ultimately chosenbecause of low maintenance requirements,longevity, and the ability to utilize colorchanging effects but it took some educationfrom the design firm:“We had to convince the client that LEDtechnology could accomplish the task,” saidSara Schonour, lighting designer at CannonDesign. “We did several rounds of calculationsthat compared 3 different manufacturer’sLumenpulse transforms a tower into a beacon of light at night** Photo Credit: Mark Skalny, Bill TimmermanNarrow beam optics with light diffusing film were used, and half of thefixtures were precisely focused to direct light onto the vertical fabricplanes*© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

NEWSPRODUCTS6fixtures to prove that we could get the color theywanted, that we could control it, and that thelight would reach to the top of the structure. Wealso made a small scale mock-up todemonstrate color changing effects, colorsaturation control, and source intensity.”Lumenpulse Lumenfacade RGB fixtures werechosen to light the structure. These IP66rated fixtures were robust enough towithstand the harsh desert environment, andoffered dual chamber technology thatminimizes maintenance by increasing lifetimeand enabling simple component vs. fixturereplacement.Using custom mounting brackets developed inconcert with Lumenpulse, luminaires wereplaced at the bottom of the Lantern’s panels tograze the interior fabric. For the full heightpanels, two rows of luminaires were installed atthe bottom of the lantern, and a single row offixtures dimmed to a lower intensity wereplaced at the base of the shorter, upperpanels. This ensured that all four sides of theLantern had the same visual appearance and auniform glow from bottom to top of each panel.Narrow beam optics with light diffusing filmwere used, and half of the fixtures wereprecisely focused to direct light onto thevertical fabric planes, and not straight up, aspart of the solution to reduce sky-glow.A glass roof was also added to the structure,and although the driving force for this elementwas rain and bird related, it enabled thelighting designers to utilize the ceiling toredirect some of the up-light back down intothe lantern’s body to further respect the darknight sky, and achieve a more uniformillumination across the surfaces of the lantern.“The Lumenpulse products out-performed itscompetitors in every aspect with the totalpackage of performance, reach, cost,accessibility, adjustability, maintenance, andfixture look and design winning it forLumenpulse,” said Schonour. “The ease ofcontrol through the Lumentouch system, givingthe staff the ability to adjust the lighting to suittheir facility’s needs, was another key element.”With this innovative Lumenpulse solution thegoal has been achieved where natural lightcomes through the aluminum panels indaytime to provide a dappling effect and atnight the lantern can be seen clearly from thepassing highway and from miles around, asthe structure glows with the light of hope.Illumitex AnnouncesProduction of ArtaviPrecision LEDsIllumitex Inc., developer of high-brightnessLEDs and emerging LED technology, releasedtoday the lighting industry’s first and onlyprecision beam LED for use in general,architectural and entertainment lightingapplications, ranging from high mast streetlights to stage and spot lights. Utilizingpatented Illumitex technology, the Artaviproduces a narrow 10 degree beam directlyfrom optics integrated at the emitter level.With more than 90% of the light exiting thelens in the beam, the Artavi promises tosignificantly reduce energy consumption aswell as minimize overall system costs whencompared to other LEDs that requiresecondary optics (lenses, reflectors andmechanical shields) in order to achieve asimilar directional beam effect.Illumitex' s new Artavi produces a narrow 10degree beam directly from optics integrated atthe emitter level“No one else in the world can do whatIllumitex has achieved with the Artavi”, saysMatt Thomas, CEO of Illumitex. “As our nextbig step in the ‘re-invention’ of LEDtechnology, we’re pushing the envelope todrive better and more energy-efficient lightingwherever LEDs are used. But the industry isalso demanding a better quality of light itself,and we’re delivering on that front as well.”While leading the industry’s mission to createenergy efficient lighting that will speedwidespread adoption of LED use, Illumitextechnology also improves the quality andfunctionality of light itself. The Artavi utilizespatented Illumitex technology to deliveredge-to-edge uniformity of light—both interms of color and illuminance—directly to theintended surface while the beam’s sharpcut-offs allow light to be positioned exactlywhere needed. The Artavi has an IP66rating to protect against humidity and water.Cree Launches NewHigh-PerformanceXLamp® XT-E RoyalBlue LEDCree, Inc., a market leader in LED lighting,announces commercial availability of a newXLamp® XT-E Royal Blue LED optimized foruse in remote-phosphor lighting and otherapplications with similar requirements. Thenew XLamp XT-E LED delivers the industry’stightest wavelength bins combined withcategory-leading brightness to simplifyremote-phosphor designs and lower systemcosts.Cree's new XLamp XT-E Royal Blue isoptimized for use in remote-phosphor lightingIn addition, Cree announces a remotephosphor-componentpatent licensingprogram that provides access to Cree’spioneering remote-phosphor patents. Theprogram is designed to drive the LED lightingrevolution by enabling lighting-fixturecompanies to develop and introduce theirown high-quality LED system products usingLEDs such as the XLamp XT-E Royal Blue.With a license under the new program,lighting OEMs can gain access to a number offundamental Cree patents required tomanufacture and use the combination of aremote-phosphor optical element with blueLEDs in LED lighting applications.“Customers using remote-phosphor designsfor their lighting products need both highoutput and consistent color,” said MikeWatson, Cree senior director of marketing,LED components. “The new Cree XLampXT-E Royal Blue LED outperforms thecompetition in both elements enabling ourcustomers to design high-performance andlow-cost systems.”Built using Cree’s proven Direct Attach LEDtechnology that delivers higher flux, lowerforward voltage and lower thermal resistanceIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

SamsungLightingLight.Reinvented.The world’s icons of technological advancement exist today as the result of great changeand evolution. Now, it’s the light bulb’s turn. Introducing Samsung LED – developers of theenergy-efficient, longer lasting light source of tomorrow. And at the core of LED lighting,you’ll find the world’s leader in semi-conductor and LED TV technology, who from LEDchips to light engines & lamps, provides the complete solution for all lighting applications.Samsung LED Lighting SolutionsFor more about Samsung LED lighting solutions, visit www.samsungLED.comHV-ACHV-ACCeramicLight EnginesPAR, MR LampsTubesA19 LampsSAMSUNG LED

NEWSPRODUCTS8Main Parameters:ColorDWL(nm)Max Current(mA)Royal Blue 450-465 1000 140than other technologies, the XLamp XT-ERoyal Blue LED delivers up to 525 mW at 350mA and 85°C. The new XT-E Royal Blue LEDis also available in 2.5-nm wavelength bins toallow customers to achieve desired colorconsistency.LUXEON Rebel ColorPortfolio: New DeepRed 650-670 nm LEDDemand for colored LEDs is on the rise andthe LUXEON Rebel color portfolioperformance is increasing and new colors arebeing added to the family. ‘Deep Red’, themost recent color added to the portfolio,delivers light in the 650-670 nanometer range.This wavelength range is essential forhorticultural applications and is required bysome governments around the world forapplications like road and railway signaling.Viewing Angle (°)Standard Min.Flux @ 350 mA,85°C500 mW475 mWProduct StatusActiveSeoul SemiconductorSets a NewBenchmark for TopView Level LEDsSeoul Semiconductor, one of the world'sleading providers and innovators in LEDtechnology, is now providing an additionalparameter for the performance assessment ofits 5630 Top View LED: SSC will not onlyfeature the power and the luminous efficacy ofthe LED not only in lumens per watt (lm/W)from now on, but also in the description priceper lumen. Thereby the LED manufactureraims to create greater transparency andinvestment security for its customers and endusers.take over. Since the LED 5630 by SSC can beused in 80% of all lighting applications,allowing much more energy-efficient solutionsthan ordinary bulbs, the price per lumenspecification is the crucial reference value inthe LED lighting market.This is not the first time that SSC is settingnew standards in the LED market: SSC wasthe market pioneer for lights with a colorrendering index (CRI) of 80 and above.Another leading product is the Acriche, thefirst AC LED without a converter.Super Small 4-chipLEDs – FederalFM Series is NowAvailableThe newly launched super small 4-10W 4-chipLED Series is now available in the fullspectrum of white and RGBA, RGBW, RGGBmulti colors. It offers great performance in asingle ultra small component of only 5mm x5mm. The super mini size allows designers todevelop much simpler optics andconsequently help to reduce the overallsystem cost.SSC provides additional parameters for its 5630Top View Level LEDsRebel Color Portfolio: All colors at 350 mAexcept royal blue and deep red at 700 mA (seeDS68 for complete details and specifications)“We are committed to the continuousimprovement of our color portfolio and havedelivered substantial light output increases,”said Steve Barlow, Sr. VP of Sales andMarketing. “For more than a decade, LUXEONLEDs have been the first choice for enliveningcity centers and architectural wonders,bringing drama to concerts andperformances, and ensuring people can movesafely on our public transit systems.”The LUXEON portfolio provides designerswith a more sustainable lighting componentand new creative license to show the worldwhat LED light can do."With the additional indication of price perlumen, we see ourselves as a revolutionary inthe LED industry," said Manuel Zarauza,Managing Director of Seoul Semiconductor.“The main reason for the change is we reducepotential entry barriers by the competitiveprice and provide a simple payback period forthe customer. At a glance the customeroversees how much the investment is usingLEDs by SSC in the same or higher lumenoutput. "Until recently, only the performance of LEDs inlumens per watt was specified. Due to themore and more powerful LEDs, thesignificance in the indication of the LEDs inlm/W is qualified as the only reference,because LED solutions already achieve thebenefits of conventional light and can evenEdison Federal FM is a new, smaller andbrighter multi-chip LED which providesmulticolor packaging flexibilityThe white FM LEDs deliver up to 750 lumensin cool white and 550 lumens in warm whiteat 700 mA. Their bright and high-performancecharacteristics make it especially suitable forhigh lumen applications such as indoorlighting, commercial lighting, industrial lightingor LED replacement lamps. In addition, afamily of 3in1, 4in1, 7in1, 9in1 and 12in1modules and related lenses are also available.Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

9WE’RE CREATING A BRIGHTERFUTURE FOR EVERYONE.At Toshiba we make bright brighter with innovative products offering lower power consumption,longer operating life and a more compact form factor.Our new range of high luminous flux transparent white LEDs achieve luminous efficacy values of 120lm/W, and with a height of just 0.65mm, they are one of the industry’s thinnest packages.With our full line up of high efficiency, high output and high color rendering models, lighting designersin commercial, residential and industrial applications can contribute to reducing CO2 emissions andmaking the future brighter.Visit us today at www.toshiba-components.com/LEDSPart NumberEFE4W-1CE7EFE4H- 1CE7EFEX- 1CE7EFERTBW-1CE1EFERTTB-1CE1EFERTBA-1CE1ColorCCT (K)/λd(nm)5000~10000K3800~5000K2670~3800K620~630nm520~535nm455~470nmFlux(lm)(Typ.)44075037063032055050100801252035VF (V)(Typ.)3.33.73.33.73.33.72.12.33.43.83.33.7IF(mA)350700350700350700350700350700350700RadiationPatternsCRI140 70140 75140 80140140140New High Power LED ProvidesMarket-Leading Brightness andThermal ResistanceLumex announces the global launch of a new TitanBrite 10-Watt HighPower LED. Available in cool, neutral and warm white colors, the SMDhigh-power LED technology provides market-leading brightness andthermal resistance. The technology also provides opportunities forsignificant cost and real estate savings for applications switching fromtwo 5 W or ten 1 W technologies to a single 10 W LED.The new TitanBrite 10 W White LED provides market-leading brightness(23% brighter than alternative 10 W LEDs) of 600 lm for cool white, 550lm for neutral white and 530 lm for warm white technologies.585~595nm5000~10000K501001051802.12.33.33.7350700350700140140Thanks to its unique thermal enhanced design with the LEDsmounted onto a ceramic substrate (rather than onto a PCB), heatdissipation performance is improved up to 61% compared to theuse of two 5 W LEDs.The multi-color Federal FM Series is the smallest 4-chip LED in theindustry at the moment. The addition of white provides softer lightingeffects while the amber expands the color gamut. The multi color LEDsdeliver a brilliance of color mixing and lighting quality to manyapplications ranging from architectural, decorative, entertainment tostage lighting. The multi-color FM components can also be applied toa related square module and related lenses which have been designedby Edison Opto.Lumex's updatedTitanBrite Series is acost effective, highlyreliable and efficientsolution for a widerange of applicationsPNSML-LX4747MWC-TR10SML-LX4747NWC-TR10SML-LX4747UWC-TR10EmittedColorWarmWhiteNeutralWhiteCoolWhiteChipMaterialColorTemp(K)LensTypeVf (V) If (mA)TotalFlux(lm)ViewAngleInGaN 3000 Yellow 10.4 1000 530 120InGaN 4000 Yellow 10.4 1000 550 120InGaN 6000 Yellow 10.4 1000 600 120Compatible with standard LED drivers, the new TitanBrite 5 W WhiteLED is ideal for use in a wide range of applications that require bright,intense light with low power consumption. - This is for instance smallspace lighting (including cavity, under cabinet, task and decorativelighting and channel light backlighting)At the same time, the new technology provides cost and real estatesaving opportunities and enhanced visual performance. The TitanBrite10 W LED offers up to 10% cost savings compared to alternative 10 WLEDs, up to 40% cost savings compared to the use of ten individual1 W LEDs and up to 25% cost savings compared to the use of two 5W© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

NEWSPRODUCTS10LEDs. Its compact 12mm 2 package sizeallows the TitanBrite 10 W to provide up to47% real estate savings compared to the useof two 5 W LEDs and 20% space savingscompared to the use of ten 1 W LEDs. Theability to replace ten 1 W or two 5 W LEDswith a single 10 W TitanBrite LED enhancescolor consistency by eliminating the need forbinning while simplifying assembly efficiency.Lumex´s new TitanBrite 10 W White LEDsfeature a 120° viewing angle and an extendedoperating temperature range from -40°C to90°C. Pricing dependent on quantity orderedand is roughly $15.00 in production quantities,with a lead time of eight to ten weeks.Lumex Technical Design Specialists canintegrate TitanBrite LEDs with metal coreboards, optics, enclosures, switches,connectors and other key components tocreate solutions that maximize performanceand efficiency in each individual application.Finish product solutions can be UL/CEapproved when necessary.With this extension of its TitanBrite line,Lumex now provides over 10 differenthigh-power LED technologies including 1 W,2 W, 3 W, 5 W and 10 W sizes.The principle architecture of a bottom emission OLED incorporating the intrinsic emission layersinto the Novaled PIN OLED® technology by using doped transport layers: holes are injectedfrom the anode and transported by p-hole transport layer (p-HTL) to the emitting layer (EML).Electrons are injected from the cathode and transported by the n-electron transport layer (n-ETL).Recombination of the charge carriers takes place in the EML and light is emittedFor this OLED stack Novaled intentionallyused a classical and commercially availablefluorescent blue emitter material. The OLEDpower efficiency with such materials is usuallymuch less than with phosphorescentemitters, but due to the advantages of theNovaled PIN OLED® technology andproprietary materials a remarkably high valuecould be reached.Novaled’s manufacturing uses standardprocesses to produce the white PIN OLEDdevice structures. Standard glass substrateswith ITO, ordinary evaporation processesand simple outcoupling methods allow for aneasy adoption to existing manufacturing linesand for a cost efficient volume production ofsuch devices.Novaled DevelopsImproved HighlyPower-Efficient WhitePIN OLEDsNovaled, a leading technology and materialsprovider specializing in high-efficiency,long-lifetime organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs) for display and lighting applications,today announced it has developed a highlypower-efficient white OLED structureachieving 60 lm/W at a brightness of 1,000cd/m2 capable of reaching a very long lifetimeof 100,000 hours at an initial brightness of1,000 cd/m2 while using commerciallyavailable fluorescent blue emitting material.The high efficiency device also demonstratesa high color rendering index (CRI) of 87. A verybroad light emission spectrum and good CIEcolor coordinates (0.470/0.429) wereachieved, which is close to illuminant A andinside the US Department of Energy (DOE)quadrangles meeting the DOE energy starcolor specifications.The use of the fluorescent blue emittermaterial has several advantages. Beside thefact that it is commercially available, it allowsvery good device stability and guarantees ahigher lifetime of OLED devices. Also, itenables a broad coverage of the completevisible colour range, resulting in the very highcolour rendering index value.The OLED sample incorporates Novaled lightextraction technology and dedicated materialNET 61 thereby enhancing the efficiency andimproving the angular dependence of emittedlight. By meeting the standards forcommercial lighting applications, Novaled’snew power-efficient white PIN OLEDs arealready ideal for OLED lamps and luminairesfor general and design lighting.“Associating commercially available androbust fluorescent blue emitters with Novaledtechnology and materials leads to high OLEDperformances which meet major lightingmarket needs immediately”, says Gildas Sorin,CEO of Novaled AG. “Once phosphorescentblue emitter materials become realcommercial products our technology willallow for a further boost in OLED deviceefficiencies.”Philips IntroducesFortimo to OutdoorLighting ApplicationsPhilips today announced a new addition to itsFortimo LED family - the Fortimo LED HighBrightness Module (HBM). Fortimo LED HBMis an easy to design-in, compact, high lumenLED module for white light applications. Theproduct delivers all the benefits of LEDswithout the complexity and recurring R&Dcosts of lens optics-based LED solutions.The brand new Philips Fortimo LED HBM LEDdelivers 4000 respectively 6000lm at CCT 4000,4100 and 5700Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

NEWSPRODUCTS12The HBM is an “LED lamp” – a compactrectangular light engine which allows forcreation of different light distributions using ametal reflector. This LED solution can be usedby luminaire manufacturers to developLED-based luminaires. The design-in isfurther simplified with one form-factor offeringmultiple lumen packages, so a single designcan be translated into a full portfolio ofproducts.The Philips Fortimo LED High BrightnessModule is a future-proof solution – its lightemitting area, optical and electricalcharacteristics, and mechanical interface willremain constant, incorporating future LEDefficacy upgrades.The high light output (4000 or 6000 lumen)and choice of two color temperatures makethis High Brightness Module an excellentsolution for both Outdoor and High bayapplications.PHILIPS FurtherExpands RetailLighting Opportunitieswith the LEXEL LEDSLM SystemPhilips announces the launch of its Lexel LEDSLM tuneable white and RGB modules,enabling the creation of various atmospheresin retail environments with changing tones ofwhite light and different colors from a singlelight source.With the LEXEL LED SLM, Philips adds atunable white solution to its Fortimo SLMmodule seriesAs a result of the increasingly competitivelandscape, retailers are looking foropportunities to distinguish themselves fromthe crowd to win customers. Lighting is one ofthe ways to deliver a differentiating shoppingexperience. Wouter Boxhoorn, MarketingManager for Philips OEM Lighting Solutionsfor Retail, explains: “We added this LEDlighting technology to our retail portfolio inorder to provide a solution which enablesretailers to differentiate with impact and todistinguish their brand to the maximum”.The Philips Lexel LED SLM tuneable whiteguarantees precision tuning across thousandsof white colour temperatures (2,700K to4,200K) due to its dedicated intelligentfeedback system. The Philips Lexel LED SLMRGB offers a unit gamut colour temperature.Both modules allow color rendering (Ra) of 80or higher and color consistency betweenengines across its lifetime of ≤ 5 SDCM.For retailers, this brings new adaptability todisplays, delivering an array of ambiencesthroughout the store, enabling varied scenesetting with accent lighting luminaires.Combining an LED module and dedicatedLED driver, along with an optional cable foruse in new luminaires, the Philips Lexel LEDSLM systems use a fixed form factor, makingit fully future-proof.ALT Chandelier Lightsfor High-End Hoteland Boutique MarketAeon Lighting Technology Inc. (ALT) is proudto announce its superior Metis LEDChandelier Light has been successfullyentered in a famous 5 star hotel and boutiquestores in the South Asian territory. ALT notonly obtained a firm project deal withchain-hotel operation head-quarters inSingapore, but also has upcoming ordersfrom other branches in Malaysia, Indonesia,and the Philippines which will be confirmednext year. This deal will definitely boost theamount of LED light bulbs being used in thehospitality market.High Power Chandelier Light—PerfectSolution for Hospitality IndustryMetis Chandelier Light series was launched atthe end of last year and went into massproduction phase in March. Metis series areonly using CREE XP-G and XP-E LED chipsfor their light source. The light quality andlumen output is superior compared to lowpower LED candle light. In addition, with ALT’sunique heat sink and power managementNow with ALT's Metis series, chandelier lightsare ready to successfully enter the lightingmarket to furnish luxury 5 star hotels andboutiquesdesign, the product is guaranteed to have along lifespan and high power efficiency.Moreover, ALT has adopted a special lightpole structure to extend its beam angles towiden its usage. As the result, the Metis serieshas attracted a lot of attention from interiordesigner and hotel managers around theworld. At the end of June ALT sold the MetisChandelier Light to a chain of boutiques inHong Kong and Macau. In the middle of July,the Metis series passed the quality test of afive-star hotel chain in Singapore, and thehotel management is planning to replace allexisting incandescent candle lights with LEDlight bulbs in the coming year. The total savingcost from switching will reach over hundredthousand US dollars.According to ALT’s general manager, Baly Lo,LED candle light has been widely used in thecommercial field, especially for chandelierlight fixture in hospitality. Due to the specialoperation hours of the hospitality business,the lights are left on all day long. This is anincredible expense for hotel owners.Therefore, most high-end hotel owners havealready stated their intention to switch fromtraditional incandescent bulbs to LED lightingto save on operation costs. However, mostLED candle lights currently on the market arelow power, which means low brightness andquality. Their lifespan is also uncertain. Themaintenance and replacement fee would beanother cost for hotel owners when they uselow power LED bulbs. On the other hand, theMetis series only uses high power LED chipsfor its light source. The brightness can reachup to 93 lm/W. The light quality and lifespanare much higher than low power LED bulbs.Besides, ALT’s unique heat sink and powermanagement can guarantee energy-savingefficiency. Hotel owners can use this productlonger and save more money and energy inthe long term.Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

NEWSPRODUCTSLEISO Introduces "StereoscopicCOB" Replacement BulbLeiso Lighting Tech. Ltd. recently launched a light bulb with using anSCOB light source successfully and is now developing the MR16 &GU10 using the reflector and stereoscopic COB light source toincrease the lumen output and beam angle while keeping thetraditional size & shape of the light.Imagine...the WorldsBrightest 0.5WSMT LEDYour Imagination: A low power, highbrightness, optimal flux, wide viewingangle, low thermal resistance, MSL2 rated,PLCC-4 SMT LED.Leiso's proprietary SCOB technology allows a wide light distributionangle of 300 degrees in LED replacement bulbsFeatures of LS-BA606-6W:• Voltage available: 85-265 VAC 50-60 Hz• CE certification and RoHS compliance• Color temperature: 2700 K~5000 K• Color rendingindex: 76• Luminous flux: WW: 360 lm/ W: 420 lm• Power consumption: 6 W• Beam angle: 30°• Base: E27/E26• Material:6063 aluminum• Average lifetime: ≥35000 hoursOur Innovation: Avago Technologiesdelivers the Worlds BRIGHTEST 0.5WPLCC-4 SMT LED designed to optimizeyour products for backlighting, autoillumination, decorative lighting, cabinlighting and other applications.• Low thermal resistance 40°C/W• Super wide 120° viewing angle• Longer life time with minimumdegradation due to enhancedsilicone resin material• JEDEC MSL 2• Available in Cool White, Warm White, Blue,Green, Red, Red-Orange & Amber colorsIf a commitment to technical excellenceand success in illumination technologies iscritical to your new designs – Contact us at:www.avagoresponsecenter.com/469New ILD 4001 step-down LED controller – perfectfit for various lamps and general lighting systemsThis brand new product offers you maximum designflexibility.Your Imagination, Our Innovation• Scalable output stage with external MOSFET up to 5A• Choice of dimming concepts – PWM or analog voltage• Supply voltage for 12V, 24V and 40V applications• Overcurrent, overvoltage and thermal protectionTo learn more about the LED driver portfolio for General Lighting, please visit[ www.infineon.com/lowcostleddrivers ]

NEWSPRODUCTS14While COB is a wide spread technology,SCOB is a new approach introduced byLeiso. This new patented light source wasdesigned and developed by Leiso's R&D teamto achieve over 300 degrees of viewing angleto overcome the hurdle of the inadequatenarrow beam angle of 120 degrees used inmost replacement LED bulbs on the marketthat causes insufficient light distribution.New FZLED'sPAR38-03 SeriesLED Spotlights withCree LEDsFZLED, maker of high-performance LEDlighting products, reveaed a stunning newrange of 22-Watt LED Spotlights featuringcutting edge long-lifetime high power CreeLEDs. The PAR38-03 series is a simplemoney-saving plug-and-play replacement forinefficient traditional lights in E27/E26 sockets.Options include both switch dimmable andnon-dimmable versions, with a clear orfrosted lens.IMG: FZLED's new 22 W PAR38 Series LEDreplacement lamps uses Cree LEDs to provide1300 to 1500 lumensApplications:• Indoor lighting• Architectural lighting• Mood lighting• Flood lighting• Easy E26/E27 socket replacementFeatures:• Energy saving• Dimming or non-dimming• No heat, no UV, or IR light radiation• Ra > 75 for white light• E26/E27 socket compatible• High power driver efficiency > 80%• CE, FCC and ETL approvedThe PAR38-03 series is the clear lighting choicefor all interior locations with a choice of both awarm white (FZL-PAR38-03-WW-22) and a coolwhite (FZL-PAR38-03-CW-22) version. TheWW-22's warm 3000 K illumination provides1300 lm with a Color Rendering Index (CRI) ofmore than 80, while the CW-22 achieves1500 lm with its bright 6000 K beam.FZLED puts lighting power back into thehands of the customer. Users of switchdimmable models can quickly choose theirdesired brightness by pressing the power on/off switch to step through the four options:12%, 25%, 50%, or 100% of full light intensity.In all models, easily selectable beam anglesof 120°, 60°, 40° and 25° make the PAR38-03series the most versatile choice for all indoor,architectural, mood and flood lightingapplications. These spotlights can accept awide range of input voltages, from 100 to240 volts.Thanks to their ultra low-maintenance CreeLEDS and durable, stylish aluminum andplastic housings, FZLED's latest LED spotlightsare clearly built to outlast the competition evenas they save energy for users.Cree RevolutionizesInternational LightingMarket with 100mmLED DownlightCree, Inc. announces the industry’s firstsystem-level LED downlight for theinternational 80 to 100 mm MR16 market. Adirect replacement for the 50 W MR16-basedfixture, the Cree CR100 downlightsurpasses its antiquated counterpart inbrightness and efficacy. Commonly used inresidential and retail lighting applications,Cree estimates there are nearly 1.5 billionMR16 lamps in Asia, Australia, and NewZealand, representing a tremendousopportunity to save money on energy andmaintenance, using the high-qualityLED light only available with CreeTrueWhite® Technology.“Customers that demand high-quality lighthave been disappointed with the current LEDproducts in the market,” said Raymond Lau,Tachibana Engineering (HK), Ltd. “The CreeCR100 fixture changes that by enablingcustomers to replace high-lumen MR16tungsten lamps with an energy efficient LEDfixture that delivers beautiful light.”The CR100 fixture has an output of 650lumens while consuming just 11.5 wattsdelivering minimum efficacy of 52 lumens perwatt, which combined with a CRI of at least90 and featuring integrated dimming, sets anew industry benchmark for beautiful, highlyefficient LED light. Available in shallow anddeep recess models, the CR100 product isdesigned to handle heat dissipation in anenclosed environment, a key factor in LEDfixture lifetime ratings. Featuring a five-yearwarranty, the CR100 downlight is designed tolast at least 50,000 hours compared to atraditional 50 watt MR16 fixture, which has alifetime of about 2,000 hours.“Cree is once again driving LED lightingadoption with the launch of the CR100fixture,” said Francis Cheng, sales director forAsia-Pacific, Cree. “Customers looking toimplement LED lighting no longer have totrade off beautiful light for increasedefficiency.”CREE's new CR100series downlights,here the CR100-SR650L, offer severalfeatures like a built-incolor managementsystem to maintaincolor temperatureover the entireworking life or thetool-free installationIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

17are by 11- inch, 18AWG color-coded “flyingleads,” with dual-mounting slots to simplifyinstallation.Bias Power’s new BPOXLD10 LED driverscomplement the recenty introduced BPWXLSeries 10 Watt constant current LED driverThese capabilities combine to make asuperb solution for high-reliability indoorand outdoor LED lighting fixtures.All modules are specified for full-rated powerover the temperature range of -40 to +85°C.The nominal 82% efficiency results in some ofthe highest lumens/watt, end-to-end efficacyratings for LED solutions in the market today.Performance is based on Bias’ patented*circuit design, incorporating its own customASIC controller.The ultra-compact square design giveslighting designers options not possible withlonger, rectangular packages. TheBPOXLD10 measures 2.1 x 2.3 inches, witha height of 1.25 inch. Standard connectionsBias Power LED Driver modules complywith UL/CSA and EN Product SafetyRequirements (UL8750 Class 2) and meetconducted EMI emissions EN 55022, Class Band FCC Part 15, Class B. The modules havean MTBF rating of >500K operating hours.ZMDI Introduces 98%Energy Efficient LEDDriver IC for RetrofitLED LampsZMD AG, a global supplier of energy-efficientanalog and mixed-signal solutions, hasannounced availability of the ZLED7320, anew member of its high current ZLED7x20family of 40 V LED-Driver-ICs. The ZLED7320,which operates at up to 98% efficiency and isavailable in a small-footprint DFN-5 package,is designed to help manufacturer’s costeffectivelyaddress the growing highbrightness(HB) LED lighting market.ZLED7X20 block diagram with basic applicationcircuit with output current determined only by Rs“The ZLED7320 bridges the gap betweenour existing 0.75 A and 1.2 A high-efficiencydrivers while the small-footprint packageprovides easier assembly” stated Dr. HendrikAhlendorf, Product Manager at ZMDI. “TheZLED7320 provides an ideal solution for manycost- and size- sensitive applications,including Retrofit LED lamps, signage, streetand traffic lights, spotlights, appliance lightingand all types of general home and officeillumination”.© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

NEWSPRODUCTS18The LED driver features on-chip switchingtransistor, 1200:1 dimming via PWM signal orfixed voltage, up to 1 amps of output currentat +/- 3% accuracy and high-side currentsensing. Built-in protection includes thermalshutdown, open-circuit and short-circuitprotection. Due to its output currentcapabilities, the ZLED7320 supports the newhigh brightness and high current LEDs frommajor LED manufacturers without requiring anadditional MOSFET to the application circuit.Only the addition of 4 passive components isrequired for a complete LED driver solution.The device operates at a temperature rangeof -40°C to 105°C.The DFN-5 package simplifies board assemblyand offers improved packing density forarea- or volume- constrained systems. Thanksto its compact size, manufacturers candevelop innovative new products andapplications where efficient high-brightnessLED solutions are a market advantage.ZMDI has also introduced the ZLED7330, ahigh-current 40V LED driver with user selectableswitch dimming suitable for high brightness LEDlighting applications and the ZLED7002, a dualchannel LED Driver with supply voltageswitchable channel toggling suitable forextended-life battery operated portable LEDlighting applications. Both the ZLED7330 andthe ZLED7002 are in full production andcomplete evaluation kits are available.MEAN WELL ExtendsMetal Case LEDPower Supply Seriesto Higher Power withits 320W ModelsAfter launching the new generation of highefficiency metal case LED power supplies atlower wattage range, MEAN WELLcontinuously introduced the 320Wmodels~HLG-320H series, to fulfill thedemands of high wattage LED lightingapplications.Multiple Models:ModelMEAN WELL HLG-320H series high efficiencymetal case LED power supplydesigns, users can adjust DC output voltagerange from 90% to 110% and current rangefrom 50% to 100% by removing the rubberstopper on the cover; B type equips withthree-in-one dimming function (1~10 VDC,PWM, resistance) and D type (optional) equipswith “multiple stage timer dimming” functionthat can be customized by request; whileBlank type has basic features without voltageand current adjustment function. In addition,in order to fit in with the outdoor harshenvironment, aluminum case and stainlessscrews are designed in these new 320 WLED power supplies.Features:• Wide range input 90~305 VAC• Aluminum case and potted by glue, complywith IP65/67• Output voltage and current adjustable• Meet 4 KV surge immunity level(EN61000-4-5)• Built-in active PFC function, comply withEN61000-3-2 harmonic Class C (>50% load)• 95% extremely high efficiency• 3 in 1 dimming function: 1~10 VDC / PWMsignal / resistance (B type)• Cooling by free air convection• Protections: Short circuit/Overload /Overvoltage/Over temperatureIPInput/OutputVo/Io AdjustmentHLG-320H-xA(Standard) IP65 Cable Vo/Io can be adjusted by internal potential meterHLG-320H-xB(Standard) IP67 Cable Io can be adjusted by 1~10 VDC, PWM or resistanceHLG-320H-xC(Standard) Non Terminal Vo/Io can be adjusted by internal potential meterHLG-320H-xD(Optional) IP67 CableHLG-320H-x (Standard) IP67 Cable Not adjustableIo can be set as multiple stage timer dimming bycustomer’s requestinclude protection for short circuit, overvoltage, overload, and over temperature.These power units have five options (A/B/C/D/blank type) in different mechanisms andinput/output designs that I/O connection canbe cable type or terminal block, which allowsusers a flexible installation in various systems.These high efficiency power supplies aresuitable for LED street lighting, LED high-baylighting, outdoor electronic display, LEDdecorative lighting, indoor/outdoor LEDlighting…etc. They are also good solutions forgeneral applications at outdoor environmentwith high dust and moisture.LUXdrive Announcesits Smallest HighCurrent Boost DriverLUXdrive is pleased to announce a furtheraddition to its line of high power, constantcurrent drivers with the full release of the A011FlexBlock LED driver.The device, configurable in either boost onlyor buck-boost modes, is ideal for driving thenew high-brightness, high-power LEDs andLED arrays. It is available in 350mA and700mA versions and, with the same smallfootprint and extremely low profile (2.0" x 1.2"x 0.38") as the previously announced A009BuckBlock, the A011 is the smallest highcurrent boost driver available.Featuring 90~305 VAC wide AC input range,HLG-320H series not only fit for general115 VAC or 230 VAC main input, but also canbe operated under 277 VAC input in NorthAmerica. HLG-320H has five options(A/B/C/D/blank type) in different mechanismsand functions for your selection. For A/C typeWith up-to date LLC topology andsynchronous rectifier technology, HLG-320Hpossesses up to 95% of extremely highefficiency, so it can be cooled by free airconvection from -40°C to +70°C ambienttemperature that meets the requirements ofoutdoor installation. Standard functionsLUXdrive claims the A011 to be the smallesthigh current boost driver availableIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

19USEDONTHEFUTUREOFLIGHTINGFOCUSEDONTHEFUTUREOFLIGHTINGFOCUSEDONTHEFOpticselectwww.carclo-optics.com600 Depot StreetLatrobe, PA 15650USAT +1 724 5396982F +1 724 5372534103 Buckingham AvenueSlough, BerkshireSL1 4PFUnited KingdomT +44 (0)1753 575011F +44 (0)1753 811359E sales@carclo-optics.comW www.carclo-optics.comThe FlexBlock module operates from aninput voltage of 10 to 32 VDC and provides amaximum output voltage of 48 VDC.In many applications, it can be operated withno additional heat sinking. An attachmentpoint for a thermocouple or other temperaturesensor is indicated for ease in determining theneed, if any, for additional heat sinking. Fullyprotected against reverse polarity, outputshort circuit, and ouput open circuit, the A011is also fully dimmable and is compatible withmany commercially available 0 to 10 VDC lowvoltage dimming controls.The A011 can be used in a wide variety of LEDlighting applications that include architectural,solar, accent, track, automotive, marine, deskand reading, point of purchase, signal andmarker, cabin and display, and more.Updated LINEARdriveGives IncreasedDesign Freedom andFuture ProofingeldoLED's LINEARdrive 720D - the numberone choice for full-colour LED applicationsin architectural, façade, entertainmentand stage lighting - has been upgradedto support 5 V, 12 V, 24 V and 48V LEDstrips. The LED strips can even operateconcurrently, giving designers increasedfreedom and future proofing for theinstallation. The LINEARdrive, which dimsdown to as low as 0.1%, can be used with allleading protocols (DALI, DMX, DMX/RDM,0-10 V). A wealth of configuration settings isset over the user-friendly user interface.LINEARdrive 720D (LIN720D2) Features:• runs 5 V, 12 V, 24 V ánd 48 V LED strips,even concurrently• offers RDM support (explore & address,ANSI E1.20)• delivers great dimming and color fadesmoothness in every situation• supports choice of dimming curve to suityour control device• can be completely configured via 3-buttonuser interface• upload of your show sequences for use instandalone mode through ShowMasterThanks to the driver's Remote DeviceManagement support, you can easily trackdown and address your luminaires from anRDM capable DMX controller. No need toopen luminaires to re-address the driverduring installation or re-commissioning.eldoLED'sLINEARdrive 720Dis intended to serve"full-color" LEDapplicationsWhen using the LINEARdrive in a DMXnetwork, you can easily configure it to get thelight output response that fits the dynamiceffects of your application, even if you have towork with a DMX controller whose signalquality is not the world's greatest. No matterwhich type of application you have, be it'video snappy' or 'lava lamp smooth', theLINEARdrive will deliver the effect you want.© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

NEWSPRODUCTS20Pharos LaunchesNew Touch PanelControllerPharos Architectural Controls has announcedthe new Pharos Touch Panel Controller. TheTPC is an advanced, standalone, solid statelighting controller with an integrated 4.3"customizable touch screen, 512 channels ofeDMX output and vast interfacing potential allover a single PoE network connection.Main Features:• Realtime control of playback selection andlighting levels - gracefully transition betweenscenes, sequences, effects and pixelmappedmedia• Customizable touch screen user interface -create multiple pages of controls andconfigure their appearance and visualfeedback• Triggering and show control via touchscreen, learning IR sensor, temperaturesensor, ambient light sensor, proximitysensor, Ethernet, realtime and astronomicalclocks• Conveniently and intuitively programmedand simulated in Designer on a PC or Mac.Graphical user interface created in InterfaceEditor and all uploaded over Ethernet• One universe of eDMX output directly toKiNet, sACN, ArtNet and Pathport fixtures.Optional remote devices for DMX, DALI,linear timecode, audio, MIDI, serial ports,digital/analog inputs and relay ouptuts• Remote management and control viabuilt-in web server. Monitor, trigger andreprogram units remotely and securely overthe Internet using a web browser or PharosInstallation Manager• LPCs & TPCs seamlessly network togetherfor synchronized control on larger systemswith multiple controllers• Elegant wall mounting, solid state, instanton,lighting control solution• 5 year warrantyProgrammed in Pharos Designer, the TPC hasthe same advanced playback and showcontrol engine as the popular and awardwinning Pharos Lighting Playback Controllers.Over an Ethernet network it can interface withother Pharos controllers, button panels andremote devices. The companion InterfaceEditor application allows you to build themeduser interface pages, creating and organizingmultiple pages of buttons, sliders and colourpickers to suit the installation and customerneeds.The Pharos TPC has the same advancedplayback and show control engine as thePharos Lighting Playback ControllersThe wall-mounting design features a magneticoverlay within the plated bezel to produce amodern, streamlined design; a variety offinishes and overlays will be available. TheTPC is a Power over Ethernet (PoE) deviceand therefore requires just one cable to install.It controls networked eDMX fixtures,integrates with building managementsystems, serves web apps to mobile devicesand allows remote management over theInternet. Built-in environmental sensors canbe used to influence screen behaviour and astriggers for lighting events.Pharos product manager Liz Cecil says, "TheTPC is an exciting addition to our range ofcontrollers at a very competitive price. Withthe TPC we are delivering an elegant,fully-featured lighting controller, with anintegrated, capacitive touch screen - it will bea perfect solution both for smaller installationsand as a touch screen interface for largerPharos control systems."Essemtec DoublesSpeed and Accuracy:Scorpion AutomaticDispensing SystemEssemtec introduces the new Scorpionautomatic dispensing system in August 2011.The machine is built on the Paraqudamachine base, which enables highly accuratedispensing and performance of up to 100,000dots per hour. The machine can be equippedwith up to four different dispensing valves andis designed for flexible and productivedispensing in electronics manufacturing, LEDassembly and other industries.New machine base increases speed andaccuracy:The Scorpion can dispense up to 100,000dots per hour with an accuracy of ±25 μm(3σ). The exceptional performance is achieveddue to the new dispenser base, the Paraqudamachine platform. Its XY-portal is built on arobust mineral cast chassis that providesexcellent damping and smooth motion at highspeed. The H-Drive features precision linearmeasuring devices to guarantee highestaccuracy for demanding tasks.The XY-drive is so powerful that it can move upto four independent dispensing valvessimultaneously. This minimizes changeovertime between different applications and allowsmultiple media to be dispensed in one run.Twin dispensing:The Scorpion implements a Twin Dispensingmode for the production of high volumes. Twovalves can dispense simultaneously on twodifferent locations, the distance between thevalves is adjustable. Typical Twin Dispensingapplications include LED manufacturing andelectronics assembly with multiple printedpanels. When the distance between twopanels is constant, two jet valves can applyglue dots simultaneously. Twin Dispensingcan double throughput for such applications.Freedom of motion:The working range of the Scorpion is biggerthan most other dispensing systems. Thedispensable area is specified at 650 x 500mm (25.6 x 19.7”) for a standalone machineand 510x470 mm (20x18.5”) for inlinemachines. However, the working area can beused flexibly and can be equipped withEssemtec's new Scorpion automatic dispensingsystem for LED assembly, electronicsmanufacturing and other industriesIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

NEWSPRODUCTSKunze_LED_27_2011_Layout 1 28.07.11 15:24 Seite 121customer-specific substrate holders. Each of the dispensing valves(maximum of four) is equipped with an independent, highly accurateC-drive with a 85 mm stroke (3.34”). As such, the Scorpion candispense on multiple levels, and it can dive into cavities or vault overcomponents.Any metering valve:Almost any kind of dispensing valve can be used with the Scorpion.Standard valves include Time-Pressure, Archimedean Screw andPiezo-Flow-Valve for solder pastes. The ideal valve for an application isdetermined by the user or by process specialists. The maximumperformance of the Scorpion is achievable with Jet valves that allowdrops to be shot over several millimeters and, therefore, does not needvertical motion.Needle distance control with laser sensor:When dispensing with a needle the distance between the needle andthe substrate is one of the most important process parameters. If thesubstrate is warped, a constant distance must be guaranteed. For this,Scorpion includes an accurate, fast regulation system. A high precisionlaser sensor scans the substrate prior to dispensing with an accuracyof 1 μm. During dispensing, the position of the dispensing head isautomatically corrected and follows the surface.Simple for operators,flexible for specialists:The graphical user interface of the Scorpion makes setup andproduction easy tasks for the operator. The process specialist,however, can still influence all dispensing parameters and can fine tunethe dispensing process as desired. Programming is possible byteach-in, by importing coordinates or using pick-and-place data. Thelatter are automatically converted into dispensing programs with theuse of the integrated template library.➞ Thermal conductivity 1.0 W / m x K➞ Low thermal resistance➞ Double-sided adhesion, shear strength50 N / cm 2 at 25°C➞ Superior puncture strength (6.5 kV)➞ Higher temperature stability (up to +150°C) thanother materials such as adhesive acrylic tapes➞ Form of delivery: on bobbin, as sheets,blanked or cut to customer specificationsKunze Folien GmbH · PO box 1562 · D-82036 OberhachingTelephone + 49 (0) 89 66 66 82 - 0 · Fax + 49 (0) 89 66 66 82 - 10sales@heatmanagement.com ·Proven system with potential for the future:The Paraquda pick-and-place, which has proven its reliability in manyelectronics production facilities worldwide, is the base of the ScorpionDispenser. The Scorpion not only is a fast, accurate dispensingmachine, it also is a safe investment. Essemtec’s engineers have usedthe most modern, accurate systems that drive and steering technologycan offer today. Future developments will be based on the platform.Therefore, the Scorpion not only meets today’s dispensing applicationrequirements but also those of the future.SinkPAD Corporation IntroducedNew Aluminum PCB Applicationsat the LEDshow in Las VegasSinkPAD corporation’s new thermal technology printed circuit boards,which were introduced at the LEDshow in Las Vegas, are a completeand effective solution to the challenges faced by the solid state lightingindustry, specifically those with aluminum LED PCB applications.Available now, the new SinkPAD TM technology significantly improvesLED thermal management in all LED systems. It is most effective inhigh-power high-bright surface mount LED systems; those systemsthat cannot efficiently dissipate heat thus making them unviable forcommercial systems.SinkPAD's PCB design makes a great difference to thermal managementefficiencySinkPAD TM conducts heat out of the LED system (LED cooling) byenabling a direct thermal path between the LED and surroundingatmosphere, which eliminates thermal resistance introduced by thedielectric material in a traditional IMS PCB or MCPCB. The SinkPAD TMdesign completely removes the substance with the lowest thermalconductivity/highest thermal resistance from the structure. SinkPAD TMstill uses a dielectric, but this dielectric isolates the metal baseelectrically and leaves it thermally connected. The thermal path shouldbe electrically neutral within the LED package, i.e. Cree XLamp,Luxeon Rebel from Philips Lumiled, PhlatLight from Luminus, in orderto solder the LED directly to the SinkPAD TM .© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

NEWSPRODUCTS22Rubicon TechnologySupports LargeDiameter SapphireDemand for LEDIndustryRubicon Technology, Inc., a leading providerof sapphire substrates and products to theLED, RFIC, Semiconductor, and Opticalindustries, today announced that thecompany has completed a company-wideinstallation of enhancements to its proprietarycrystal growth furnaces bringing all furnacesup to Rubicon Furnace Version ES2-XLG3.0.This is the latest version of the company'sproprietary furnace design for the productionof high quality, large diameter sapphirematerial and provides even greaterautomation and yield consistency.hundreds of years of combined experienceand innovations such as those embedded inthe Rubicon Furnace Version ES2-XLG3.0,Rubicon's design and equipment engineersand material scientists have achieved industryleading yields and performance."The Rubicon furnace design is just onecomponent of the company's efficientequipment platform that has differentiatedthe company in the large diameter sapphirewafer market. This effort, combined withRubicon's robust process platforms and thecompany's ability to scale to high volume,creates superior performance factors for theLED industry. With the Batavia crystalgrowth facility qualified with more than adozen customers and the Malaysia polishingfacility now also qualified, Rubicon hassuccessfully shipped more than 100,000 sixinch sapphire wafers.The transition to larger diameter wafers in LEDproduction has started. Several key LED chipmanufacturers have announced plans tomigrate to and/or test large diameter wafersin 2011/2012.layers provides stress relief and wafer flatnessthrough customized lattice engineering,leading to a high quality growth surface.vGaN stands for “virtual gallium nitride.” Itprovides a semiconductor growth surface thathas the physical properties of GaN, bututilises a silicon substrate upon which isgrown an epilayer of REO material thataccommodates a top epilayer of Group IIInitrides such as GaN. The vGaN substrateenables for the first time, industry-standardMOCVD growth processes with the low coststructures and economies of scale currentlyenjoyed by the silicon industry.Michael Lebby, Translucent’s generalmanager, noted, “We are bringing a decade ofTranslucent REO epitaxial experience to bearon the challenge of enabling GaN growth toscale cost-effectively well beyond currentlimitations. Our vGaN platform is an ‘onsilicon’technology, allowing us to harnessmature silicon-substrate technologies andtheir low costs, and we expect this to have anextremely beneficial impact in driving downcosts for GaN-based LEDs and FETs.”Rubicon now offers a complete range of highquality sapphire substratesOver time, the company's Design for HighVolume Manufacturing (DHVM) approach hasled to numerous furnace designimprovements that have created an industryleadingequipment platform for high volumesapphire crystal growth. Rubicon FurnaceVersion ES2-XLG3.0 provides even greaterautomation resulting in additional yieldimprovements. The ES2-XLG3.0encompasses numerous innovations and nowoperates in Rubicon's United States highefficiencycrystal growth facilities in Bataviaand Bensenville, Illinois."Compared to the production of othersubstrate materials, sapphire crystal growth isextremely complex," explains Raja Parvez,Rubicon President and CEO. "Variables suchas stable power, growth profiles, coolingprofiles and feedback controlmechanismsmust be optimally managed to maximize theyield of quality sapphire crystal. This is evenmore vital when producing sapphire for theexpanding large diameter wafer market. WithTranslucent AnnouncesAvailability of vGaNWafer TemplatesTranslucent, Inc., announced the commercialavailability of its vGaN family of siliconbasedwafer templates. The vGaN productsprovide a low-cost, high-quality epitaxialsurface for the growth of gallium nitride (GaN)devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs)or field-effect transistors (FETs).The vGaN product line is the world’s firstcommercial REO-based family of ‘III-Nsemiconductors’ with scalable GaN-on-Siwafers. Translucent’s use of crystalline REOTranslucent'sGaN-on-Si wafers,called vGaN (standsfor “virtual galliumnitride.”), providea semiconductorgrowth surface thathas the physicalproperties of GaNGaN is typically grown on sapphiresubstrates, which are significantly moreexpensive at large diameters, especially 200mm and larger. Additionally, a major challengefacing device manufacturers today is thehandling of the large, heavy, and expensivesapphire wafers. Conversely, the widely-usedinfrastructure of fabrication plants that areready to run silicon wafers up to 200 mmalready exists. This makes large-diametersilicon an ideal choice to bring economies ofscale into the lighting (LED) and powerelectronics (FET) industries.Translucent's vGaN wafers are now availablein 100 mm diameters.. 150 and 200 mm willbe available next year..Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

NEWSRESEARCH23BRIDGELUX: NewEfficiency Record forGaN-on-Silicon LEDsBridgelux Inc., has shattered its previousindustry record for highest Lumen per Wattvalues for Gallium Nitride on Silicon (GaN-on-Si). Using its proprietary buffer layertechnology, the company has demonstratedgrowth of crack-free GaN layers on 8-inchsilicon wafers, without bowing at roomtemperature, extending the company’s lead indriving the performance and manufacturabilityof GaN LEDs on silicon substrate.Bridgelux is demonstrating LED performancelevels comparable to today’s state-of-the-artsapphire-based LEDs. Cool white LEDsshowed efficiencies as high as 160 lm/W at aCCT of 4350 K. Warm white LEDs constructedfrom the GaN on Si chips delivered 125 lm/W ata color temperature of 2940 K and CRI of 80.Conventional LEDs are made using sapphireor silicon carbide substrates as the startingmaterial. Both are more expensive thansilicon. As a result, production costs haveinhibited the widespread adoption of LEDlighting in homes and commercial buildings.But growing GaN on larger, low-cost siliconwafers that are compatible with modernsemiconductor manufacturing can deliver a75% improvement in cost over currentapproaches. Bridgelux’s technology processhas the potential to significantly drive downthe cost of manufacturing LEDs and makethem competitive to conventional whitelighting technology.Growing LEDs on low-cost large diametersilicon substrates needs special knowledge“The performance levels that we announcedtoday are the highest Lm/W values yetpublished for GaN-on-Si and rival the bestcommercial LEDs grown on sapphire or siliconcarbide (SiC),” stated Dr. Steve Lester, Bridgeluxchief technology officer. “We are very pleasedwith the pace of our progress in this area, andwe will continue to aggressively develop ourGaN-on-Si processes.”The thermal expansion coefficient of GaN isconsiderably larger than that of silicon. Thismismatch can cause the epitaxial films tocrack, or the wafers to bow, either duringepitaxial growth or at room temperature.Bridgelux’s proprietary buffer layer processproduces crack-free wafers that are virtuallyflat at room temperature.Encapsulated 1.5 mm blue LEDs emit591 mW with wall plug efficiencies as high as59% at 350 mA, exceeding any publishedvalues. The LEDs have very low forwardvoltages, 2.85 V at 350 mA, making themideal for use at high current densities. At adrive current of 1 amp the LEDs emitted 1.52Watts of blue power at a forward voltage of3.21 V, resulting in a wall plug efficiency of47%. Wavelength uniformity of sigma 6.8 nmhas been demonstrated for 8-inch LED waferswith median wavelength of 455 nm.An optimized epitaxy process on 8-inch Siwafers will make LED manufacturing compatiblewith existing automated semiconductor lines“This key innovation is a game-changer forthe industry, delivering dramatic reductions inthe up-front capital investment required forsolid state lighting and thereby significantlyincreasing the rate of market adoption." saidBill Watkins, Bridgelux CEO. "Bridgelux, whichmaintains an asset-light operating model, isuniquely well-positioned to benefit from thetransition to silicon substrates. Leveraging ourR&D and Intellectual Property position in LEDepitaxy will allow the Company to pursuepartnerships with existing semiconductormanufacturers. That has the potential tofavorably impact production costs, marginsand returns on invested capital.”© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

NEWSEVENTS24LpS 2011 - Focusingon the Light Sourceof the FutureFrom September 27th to 29th, 2011 the LEDLighting Technologies Symposium in Bregenz,Austria will offer developers, buyers, users aswell as researchers, suppliers of LED andsystem solutions, distributors, and others aninformation and communication platformfocused on the implementation of LEDs inlighting applications.Worldwide, LpS 2011 is the first symposiumthat focuses exclusively on the subject ofSolid State Lighting in the nature of active,passive, mechanical and optical components.A considerable number of experts in the areasof specific tools as well as the complexsubject of Measuring/Testing/Manufacturingwill be attending. Four of the world’s biggestLED manufacturers are amongst the over 60exhibitors at the fair. Fifteen media partnersfrom Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria,Switzerland and the U.S.A. are all supportingthe event.Technology, Components, Testing andSystemsThe second day of the symposium starts offwith LED technologies. The afternoon willfocus on electronic and optical componentswhereby the subjects of customized and freeform optics and the effects of materialvariations in synthetic lenses and costoptimized optics will be presented. In the areaof electronic components the subjects will bedrivers, spectral tuning, design perspectivesfor controlling and special printed circuitboard technologies.LpS 2011 is the first symposium that focusesexclusively on LED lighting technologiesThere is finally a trade show and symposiumfocusing exclusively on the subject of LEDlighting. The LED professional Symposium +Expo 2011 – also known as LpS 2011- will behost to the LED community on September27th -29th in Bregenz, Austria – directly onthe shores of Lake Constance.“LED technology for lighting applicationsneeded its own international platform, andnow there is the LpS 2011,” explained theperson responsible for the focus of the event– the symposium director, Siegfried Luger.“Just like the “Embedded World” event inNuremburg has become the event for theembedded community, the LED professionalSymposium has the potential to become theleading trade fair and the most importantEuropean event focused on LED technologyfor lighting applications.”Wide Range of LecturesThe range of lectures at the symposium,under the motto of “LED LightingTechnologies – Winning Approaches” coversthe entire range of topics that Solid StateLighting encompasses: Starting fromelectroluminescent diodes in the areas ofresearch and practice, to optics and driverIC’s, on to heat sinks, substrates andcomplete steering modules. Other topics thatwill be discussed are commercial aspects, thecorresponding design and configuration tools,testing and measuring instruments as well asproduction technology aspects.Three Keynote-SpeechesOn the first day, a three part workshop setsthe stage for the official opening and threekeynote speeches. These will touch on thetopics of possibilities and challenges thatLEDs bring for luminaire manufacturers aswell as the “Challenges of LED LightingSystems”. The third keynote speech will begiven by Prof. DDr. Sergei Ikovenko from theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)in Boston. He will be talking about thetechnological evolution in the area ofLED lighting.At the end of the second day the Gala Dinnernot only offers the participants a festiveevening, but also presents the chance for anadditional communication platform.Three sessions on the subjects of Testing/Measuring/Manufacturing, LED LightingSystems and Standardization/Reliability roundthe symposium up on the third day. The last ofthe presentations will be about standardization,norms and the selection of LEDs in order toguarantee quality and reliability.Further information and Registration:LED professional Symposium + Expo 201127. bis 29. September 2011Bregenz/Österreichwww.lps2011.comOrganizer Contact Information:LUGER RESEARCHFaerbergasse 15 / Haus Rot6850 Dornbirn, AustriaTel.: +43 (0) 5572 / 39 44 89Fax: +43 (0) 5572 / 39 44 89 -90info@lps2011.comSeoul Semiconductor Z5P Super High Operating Flux LEDSeoul Semiconductor are rolling out a new technology starting withthe popular Z5 platform, which is fast becoming an industry standardfootprint for high power 1 – 3 watt LED’s. The new innovation intechnology Z5P will deliver only a 2 – 5% reduction in lumens at 100°C.Features: CCT 2600 K ~ 8000 K | minimum 100 lm/W | min. CRI 70 ~ 80 |forward current 350 mA | luminous flux min 100 ~ 120 lmApplications: General lighting, automotive lightingwww.seoulsemicon.comIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH E.U.

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EVENTSLPS 2011 PREVIEW26LpS 2011 Advisory Board Q & ASiegfried Luger, CEO of LED professional asked the Advisory Board questions about what they expectfrom the symposium and the technological trends and challenges in LED lighting.Ing. Arno Grabher-MeyerChief Editor,LED professionalDr. Paul HartmannHead of Materials,JoanneumResearchNisa Khan, Ph.D.President,LED LightingTechnologiesDr. GüntherSejkoraManaging Director,KompetenzzentrumLichtWhat does LED technology mean toluminaire manufacturers and thelighting industry as a whole?Dr. Günther SejkoraThrough the implementation of LEDtechnology, completely newapplications, like RGB color changinglighting can be developed. A largenumber of innovations for knownapplications like shop lighting, office orstreet lighting are also made possibleby LED technology.At the same time, the framework ofsuppliers and distributors also starts tochange. Suddenly electronic andsemiconductor manufacturers enterthe market and start competing withthe luminaire manufacturers.In this way LED technology creates anumber of new chances as well aschallenges.Dr. Paul HartmannBesides the ongoing hunt for the everhigher, absolute efficiency and/or anever better lumen/Euro ratio, thequality of white light, especially in thewarm white area, is an important topic.The restriction of productiontolerances and innovate binningconcepts play an important role for theuser and a decisive role for commercialsuccess. In the area of LED retrofits,achieving the stipulated 806 lm for anominal 60W light bulb replacement atthe best possible price as well as areplacement for a 100W light bulb(preferably without active cooling) setby the EU, has priority.Ing. Arno Grabher-MeyerThere is certainly not only one singlechallenge; on the contrary, there are aconsiderable number of challenges.The industry itself set high standardswhen introducing the LED into thelighting market. Now that the biggestchallenge is no longer mastering thetechnology, the main challenge lies inproving that LEDs not only generatelight but can also light an applicationproperly - and not only in niches orhigh-end areas where costs often playan insignificant role.There is always a certain amount ofcompromise in lighting, whether it isbetween efficiency and the colorrendering index (CRI) or correlatedcolor temperature (CCT), or betweenlight distribution and design, or thegeometric dimensions of a luminary,cooling system, efficiency and lifespan. The combinations are manifold.The requirements of the variousapplications and users, likewise.What technology trends do you seein the field of LED lighting?Dr. Paul HartmannOn the one hand, the trends are fixedin the area of standardization: Whilethe LED retrofit market can draw on avery large installed base of luminairesand calls on technical solutions in theclassic light bulb class or a spotlightwith the standard interfaces ofestablished lamps, the activities in theprofessional lighting field are alreadyoriented on the future ZhagaStandards, which are being developedespecially for LED technology in thearea of spotlights and street lamps andwhich don’t contain as manycompromises.On a technical level, LED solutions areseen as implementing the ever brighterhigh-power spots as a light source, onthe other hand also using those thatwork with a large number of small,low-power LEDs in order to cushionthe thermal and binning problems.Ing. Arno Grabher-MeyerThe trend to modular systems hasbeen recognized since 2010. Thismodularity can be seen in variouslevels and to different extents. First,Zhaga, as a consortium for the mostsignificant LED and luminairemanufacturers, should be mentioned.It was founded in 2010 to define thevarious application standards for thevarious interfaces of an LED module,from the mechanical to the optical andthermal interfaces and on to theelectric interface.On the LED component level, moreand more attention is being given tohaving as small a number of differentshapes as possible on offer. Thesefew shapes are delivered with variouselectric, optical and light engineeringparameters in order to meet thestandards for the most diverseapplications. In this way, a relativelycheap and simple light platform can beproduced for various requirementswhich differ in price, light quality andlight efficiency.In addition, the trend of reducingbinning and tolerances in the lightcolor is continuing. McAdams 2-3 is,for the most part, already the standard.Above all that, practically all LEDmanufacturers are looking into thepossibility of producing LEDs onSi-substrates in order to be able toeliminate the very expensive MOCVDprocess on sapphire substrates.Using wet etching for the surfacetreatment of LED chips is alsosupposed to be a way to be able to cutcosts drastically without reducing lightextraction efficiency.Producers of driver modules aregenerally moving in the direction ofsolutions with a reduced number ofIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

EVENTSLPS 2011 PREVIEW27individual components. Variousconcepts are also targeting the idea ofeliminating electronic components thatcan have negative effects on the lifespan of the end product.How do you see CO2 emissionsavings if LED lighting is used for allnew installations during the next fiveyears?Nisa Khan, Ph.D.Currently, lighting accounts forapproximately 20% of total globalenergy consumption. In many cases,LED replacement lights can alreadysave up to 75 to 80% on energy usage.The industry is still developing LEDlighting technologies to achieve suchenergy savings for many lightingapplications in the future. But, forarguments sake, if we could replace alllighting with such new energy-efficientproducts, we would reduce global coalproduction by about 600 megatonsper year. This leads to an aggregatereduction of over 3 gigatons of coalproduction in five years!What do you think LpS will mean tothe lighting industry? Where do yousee the special possibilities?Dr. Günther SejkoraThe target audience of LpS istechnicians from the lighting industry.Up until now, the focus of LEDconventions was either on scientificadvances or they were oriented onstrategies or commercial aspects. TheLpS can fill a niche between thesedifferent directions and with that, bringnew impulses to the lighting industry.How can luminaire manufacturersprofit from LpS?Dr. Günther SejkoraThe requirements of the typicalproduct developer in the area of LEDtechnology have changed a great deal.While luminaire designers, for the mostpart, used to be specialists in onearea, LED technology requires a highamount of interdisciplinary knowhow.LpS offers presentations and posterpresentations from the most diverseareas of LED technology and thesurrounding areas. At LpS,technicians and developers can getinformation about the trends in thedifferent areas of LED technology atone event.What is the importance of LpS for theCentral European Market?Nisa Khan, Ph.D.Central Europe is one of the regions inthe world that is historically a majorcontributor in science, technology,environmental aesthetics, andecological sustainability. A symposiumfocused on LED lighting technologiesin such a region that already has had astrong presence in premier lighting isindeed important as well as exciting.Why do you think a symposium andexhibition for LED lighting may havebeen overdue in Central Europe?Nisa Khan, Ph.D.The Central European region is at theforefront of semiconductortechnologies that is now playing aprimary role in LED lighting, whichserves various markets includinghigh-end uses such as automotiveheadlights and high-quality ambientlights. Central Europe plays a dual rolein such markets as they are bothmanufacturers and end-users of suchapplications. LED lighting also holds apromising future for many other lightingand display markets around the world.As Central Europe is and will continueto play a very substantial role as LEDlighting manufacturers and consumers,a professional gathering such as LpSis surely overdue.Dr. Paul HartmannEndeavouring to bring a wide circle ofexperts - from scientists to marketingmanagers and on to the user itselftogetherin an international, high qualityconference means that there is achance to demonstrate andcommunicate the meaning of LEDtechnology for Central Europe to themany players of this highly competitivemarket away from the sales dominatedmega-shows.What are your expectations for theLpS event?Nisa Khan, Ph.D.I expect LpS will be applicationorientedwith high technical excellence.It will have a high-degree of emphasison lighting systems, measurements,and standards for the latest LEDbreakthrough technologies.© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

EVENTSLED LIGHTING TAIWAN28LED Lighting Taiwan 2011 -Photonics is LEDsArno Grabher-Meyer, from LED professional met the big players in the Taiwanese LED business atLED Lighting Taiwan 2011 in Taipei. He reports here about the most recent products and trendsas well as market expectations.Figure 1:Visitor's interestsstatisticsTaiwan's largest LED light Show,Photonics Festival 2011, openedits doors on June 13th. At theopening ceremony, Taiwan’sPresident Ma Ying Jeou pointedout the importance of theapplication of clean energyand the improvement of energyefficiency for our ecosystembrought about by photonicstechnology.The exhibition, which was a greatsuccess, closed again on June 16th.The event organization, PIDA,announced that the number of bothexhibitors and visitors exceededprevious years. In 2011 the exhibitionattracted 215 exhibitors from Taiwanand overseas which equates to agrowth rate of 28%. At the same timethe number of booths increased by50% to 681. 81% of the exhibitors wereTaiwanese companies. That showsjust how strong the Taiwanesephotonics industry is. An 11% increasein visitors meant that the 40,000 markwas exceeded for the first time. 9% ofthe visitors (or 4,078) were fromoverseas – mainly from Japan (31%),China (26%), Korea (18%) and the USA(13%). The main interests of the visitorswere fixtures (13%), street lights (13%),backlights (10%), traffic signals (9%),automotive (7%), and displays (6%).About a third of the visitors wereinterested in the production relevantissues like packaging and modules(7%), raw materials (7%),manufacturing equipment (7%),followed by testing equipment,epi-wafers and chips (5% each). Mostvisitors were from the R&D departmentsfollowed by management and the salesand marketing departments. Thevisitors came from different industrieslike consumer electronics (25%),components (20%), suppliers of rawmaterials (17%), system integrators(17%), equipment manufacturers (10%)and distributors (3%).Figure 2:From left toright, origin ofexhibitors, visitorsand in more detail,foreign visitorsIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

Highlights at LEDLighting Taiwan 2011215 companies showcasedstate-of-the-art products startingwith raw materials, moving on tomanufacturing tools then to theLEDs, the electronics and finallythe luminaires and replacementbulbs. In every product categorynumerous new products, conceptsor designs were presented.Testing and manufacturingMany well-known testing andmanufacturing equipmentsuppliers were on site as well asnumerous representatives ofcelebrated companies like SussMicrotec, Ocean Optics,Instrument Systems, orStellarNet, to name just a few.One of the most interestingsuppliers of testing equipment atthe fair was Chroma ATE, knownaround the world for their highquality computer controllable ACor DC power sources anddifferent load simulationequipment. Chroma showed ahuge amount of equipment forLED driver development and LEDmeasurement. Most of theproducts that were introducedwere relatively new. One highlightat the booth was the LEDsimulating load that is used totest drivers under clearly definedconditions. Chroma argues “thisis the only solution where a drivercan be tested without the risk ofexternal factors and productvariations having an influence onthe results.” Another new productwas the LED Luminaire In-LineTest System that can be used forLED bulb and LED tube testingand which is claimed to delivermore accurate measurementresults for tubes than integratingspheres do.Raw materials andsubstratesRaw materials and systemcomponent suppliers were mainlyrepresented by phosphor materialmanufacturers, substrate andPCB manufacturers and somethermal management specialists.Some prominent companies inthis product group that should bementioned are Monocrystal,Heraeus, Bergquist, Kyocera,Nusil, DuPont, and Intematix.In addition, a few electroniccomponents suppliers like PowerIntegrations or Taiwan’s TMTechnology Inc. were present.Instead of having their ownbooths at the fair, some of thecompanies were represented bylocal distributors orrepresentatives. Most companiesin the electronic componentscategory are based in Taiwan andfor the most part, they providepackaging solutions with differentmaterials and technologies. A lotof these companies sprang fromother businesses like thin film orthick film resistor or circuitprotector manufacturing.Figure 3: Chroma’s LED Luminaire In-Line Test System uses PV cells tomeasure light distribution and intensity

EVENTSLED LIGHTING TAIWAN30Figure 4:TA-I’s ceramicsubstrate forreplacement bulbswith E27 socketFigure 5:ICP multi-chipceramic substrateTA-I Technologies is one of thesecompanies. They use the knowledgethey have from those branches fordesign and manufacturing services forthe SSL industry. TA-I launched theirLED ceramic thermal dissipationsubstrate and lighting modulesubstrate business in 2010. Theyprovide several types of metalizedceramic substrates for LEDs,backlighting and lighting products likeLED replacement bulbs. The mostrecent product line is for COB boards,MR16 and E27 products.ICP, founded in 2009, with its teammembers having over 10 years of thinfilm components developingexperience, provides different servicesand products for the LED industryincluding LED substrates, ceramic heatsinks, and electro-deposition/electro-less-deposition processing.The most recent generation of ceramicsubstrates for LEDs offers a newdesign of LED devices with built-inprotective components.Optics and optics materials –the key to successfulapplicationsGermany based Evonik Degussa hasbeen supplying the industry withPMMA for many years now. PMMA isused in many standard applicationsincluding LED lighting products. Sinceseveral competitors provide a similarsubstance the key to success on themarket is the capability to process thismaterial perfectly. Evonik can providehigh accuracy, micro-structured panelsof up to 30x30 cm. There is alsoSAVOSIL, a relatively newlydeveloped material for high quality,highly reliable products that allows forspecial applications because of itsunique properties. Production of LEDlenses using Evonik's patentedSiVARA Sol-Gel technology, allowsglass lenses of consistent quality to bemanufactured in any desired shapewhich means that this process can beused to produce primary or secondarylenses. With its huge spectraltransmission range from 200 to3,000nm, the lenses made ofSAVOSIL can be used in LED lightingproducts for UV as well as for visiblelight and infrared applications. Glassproduced by the SiVARA Sol-Geltechnology is an ideal LED opticssolution and is highly reliable. It alsooffers the phosphorous in the lensesoutstanding protection againsthumidity and heat during operationand is thus ideal for outdoor lighting orautomotive products. To serve thebrand concept of SAVOSIL -“customized solution” - in 2010, EvonikIndustries established a partnershipwith Taiwan-based Cristal MaterialCorporation. “Many very importantclients and potential clients have theirfacilities in Taiwan or the adjoiningcountries, hence it was a logicalconsequence to establish thispartnership and to concentrate forcesin research, development andproduction in Taiwan” stated GerardBerote, President of Evonik DegussaTaiwan. The aim of both partners is tohelp the LED market that will see manynew areas of applications open up, todevelop new technologies faster.New optical concepts, especiallya tendency to change the opticalmodels for replacement bulbs wasvisible at various booths from opticsmanufacturers to the bulbmanufacturers at the fair.LedLink, renowned as a manufacturerof high quality, standard solution LEDoptics for the MR series, PAR Series,and Bulb Series modular products,also provides customized secondaryoptical lenses of virtually any shapeand size and every LED brand andtype. Apart from that, LedLink alsoprovides all-dimensional R&D designfrom optical to mechanical and thermaldesign for its clients. LedLink canprovide the complete solution ready forIn addition to Fitilite who presentedceramic packaging substrates andbulb sockets to keep the LED’s cool,Viking Tech Corporation, a professionalmanufacturer of chip resistors,inductors and capacitors extended itsproduct range a while ago to heatdissipating ceramic substrates forLEDs.Figure 6: PMMA is Evonik’s established product for several (lighting) applications,while SAVOSIL TM is the new high-end material predestined for LED and PVapplications. Currently under development is a technology of SAVOSIL to create amicrostructure on panels. The microstructure was printed onto a PMMA sheet.Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

EVENTSLED LIGHTING TAIWAN32Figure 7:One of LEDLink’smost recentdevelopments isa highly efficientsolution foromnidirectionallight distribution inLED candle lampsFigure 8:The LEDLinkteam gave LEDprofessional awarm welcome attheir bootheffective, high performance lens forLEDs and produces excellent lightshape. In addition to ADL, ASI hasalso designed and produced manyinnovative and high performancegeometric lenses for indoors andoutdoors lighting applications. Thepatent pending OmniStar lens is aunique and cost effective plug andplay secondary optics that makes itpossible to deliver energy starcompliant A19 light bulbs quicklyand reliably.LEDs, modules and LEDsystemsLextar, as the largest supplier of LEDbacklight modules in Taiwan,manufactures products featuring highluminosity and a long lifespan. In 2008Lextar was founded as a subsidiary ofAU Optronics to provide LEDs for theLCD and backlighting business. DavidSu, Lextar Chairman and Presidentexplained to LED professional: “Basedon the backlighting business, the SSLbusiness was set up, extending thevertical integration from the existingepi-chip production to LED packagesand lighting modules and finally theend-user application, which was a newchallenge.” Besides the newly releasedproducts, a 6 watt candle lamp andthe chip array COB, that wereintroduced to the Chinese market inGangzhou and at LED Lighting Taiwanat the same time, Mr. Su presentedsome new ideas to LED professional.“Based on the strategy to strengthenthe market position by the verticalintegration, not just the efficiency ofLED lighting is a key issue,” heexplained “but also the huge numberof new opportunities. Especially theadaption of color temperature ondemand that can be done withrelatively low effort and low additionalcosts is an excellent argument toswitch over to LED lighting. – Theadditional benefit that LED luminairescan offer is the true selling point, but torealize these benefits the resellersneed to be educated.” Then Mr. Sushowed the most recent developmentFigure 9:Aether Systemsoptical solutionfor LEDreplacement bulbsdelivers a reallyomnidirectionallight distributionwith highuniformityassembly or already assembled.Products that show the whole range ofcapabilities were displayed at the fair.One of the most interesting lensdevelopments is aimed to provideomnidirectional light distribution for anE14 candle bulb.Another very innovative company atthe fair was Aether Systems, providerof optical solutions for LED lighting.Combining world class optical designand mathematical capability, ASIdesigned and produced the world’sfirst digital lens for LED. This lens,Aether Digital Lens, ADL, is a costIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

EVENTSLED LIGHTING TAIWAN33Figure 10:Lextar alsodisplayed anewly designedreplacementlamp with 300°homogeneouslight distributionfrom Lextar with strategic partners; theimplementation of Bluetooth in an LEDlighting system that offers easy controloptions with the lowest energyconsumption at low costs. The systemshould serve the residential market aswell as the commercial market– especially offices. “This system offersidentical features to WiFi basedsystems or hard-wired systems,but it is much more price competitive”David Su added.Figure 11:ALT’s newlyintroduced A55replacement lampAeon Lighting Technology Inc. (ALT)set up an exclusive “Taiwan AboriginalPlant Zone” with its Grow Lightproduct in respect of the Living Greentheme at the exhibition. It also showsthe beautiful convergence of natureand technology. ALT’s grow lightingproducts were especially successfulwhen entering the Japanese market.ALT introduced the new AR111 andA55 replacement lamps, which werethe highlight at their booth. Designedaccording to traditional light fixtures,users can easily install these lightbulbs without modifying existinglight fixtures.Figure 12:At the Everlightbooth differentapplicationsand illuminationsceneries could becompared, fromoutdoor lightingto office lighting,shop lighting orresidential lightingEverlight had two booths at the fair;one presenting the end-user productsand one the LEDs. This is the logicalconsequence of the company policy toclearly distinguish between these twodivisions. Everlight SSL introduced avariety of LED lighting fixtures fordifferent lighting applications includingoutdoor, street, commercial place,office, storage, parking lot and homelighting. For outdoor street usage,Everlight presents the secondgeneration of Dolphin street lights withdimming function to save even moreenergy than with its original LED streetlights. Everlight Electronics Co., Ltd.presented the new Chip-on-Board(COB) LED series to offer a solutionthat addresses important issues ingeneral lighting replacementapplications. Competing withpreviously dominating standarddiscrete low power, mid power, andhigh power LED components, Everlightexpects Chip-on-Board LEDs to takeon a third of all LED A-lampapplications in 2011.© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

EVENTSLED LIGHTING TAIWAN34Figure 13:Everlight'sdownlightimpressed with itspleasant designand pleasing lightqualityFigure 14:Almost too goodlooking for a highbay light; PDD’sLED high bay bulbusing Cree’s XP-GLEDsThis year, Cree showed up with thewhole well known and establishedLED product portfolio, also presentingthe vertical integration capabilitieswith its modules and luminairesexamples. They also demonstratedthe newly released products, theXLamp® MT-G EasyWhite and theXLamp® CXA2011 LED Array. Inaddition, they featured some of theirpartner's and customer's products.With the KingStar series LED modulefrom Wu-Feng Photoelectric Co. Ltd,based on 16 XLamp XM-L LEDs, Creeand its partner impressivelydemonstrated the low thermalresistance of a properly designed andmanufactured product. “With theXM-L LED and our patent pendingheat-sink technology, this new LEDmodule can deliver up to 10,000lumens without sacrificing efficiencyand longevity” explained Gui-FangChen Head of Wu-FengPhotoelectric.”PDD's extraordinarily designed HighBay / Low Bay solution that looksalmost too exclusive to be used onlyfor this application also drew a lot ofattention. The LED High Bay bulbuses Cree XP-G LEDs and a uniquethermal technology. It can be installeddirectly to replace mercury vapor orHPS lamps.Figure 15:The U-Light isreminiscent ofthe CFL-bulb,which might notbe successful,but it embraces adifferent designapproachFigure 16:LiteOn’s candlelamp is an opticalreduction, astep towardsan independentdesign off theconventionaldesign of LEDcandle lamps(right)LiteOn has been manufacturing LEDsfor backlighting and otheroptoelectronics for many years now,although they are better known forseveral other electronic products. Forthis reason their general lightingIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

Figure 17: The RGBW and RGBA Federal FM series LEDs deliver abrilliance of color mixing and lighting quality to many applicationsproducts were not really noticedat the Light + Building fair inFrankfurt last year. At LEDLighting Taiwan 2011 LiteOnpresented their new lightingproducts and sparked off a realfirework. Some of theseproducts were very surprisingwith extraordinary opticalsolutions and designs like the6 watt “U-Light” that aims toreplace 8 W CFL lamps or 40 Wincandescent lamps and whichoffers a 300° light distribution.The LED candle lamp reducesthe bulb design to a heat sinkand a massive optics that almostmimics the flame of a candle.Edison came to the show withexamples of the whole verticalintegration, from LEDs tomodules to the application.“While many other companiesproduce and sell luminairesunder their own brand name,Edison aims to support its clientsby integrating our products inthe applications with thermaland optical simulations in anoptimal way. On the other hand,we can also provide the finalproduct for our customer. Thatis what we are demonstratinghere with the end-user products,”Eddy Kao explained.On the module level, Edisonpresented its new EdiPowerModule, based on its EdiPowerII 15W-24W high brightnessLEDs, and the Street LightingModule. On the componentlevel, the new EdiPower® IISeries products with 6-10 W,25-40 W and 50-120 W extendthe portfolio of array LEDs. TheFederal LED Series wasupdated with the Federal FMseries. Edison Opto now offersthe world’s smallest white andmulticolor 4-10 W 4-chip LEDpackage which can be drivenwith 700mA and deliver up to750 lm for cool white and 550lm for warm white. Themulticolor versions allowexceptional full colorcapabilities.In addition to their well-knownproduct range, Philips Lumiledsfeatured their high voltageLuxeon H for the mainstreamreplacement bulb market thatonly needs a bridge rectifier andresistor to work. Like some othercompanies they seem to see thefuture of the replacement marketmainly characterized by costsand a reduction of systemcomponents.

EVENTSLED LIGHTING TAIWAN36Figure 18:Epistar’s HVconcept forefficient whitelight generation(here withoutphosphors)consists of aseries connectionof matched redand blue LEDsNichia presented their most recentproducts for lighting applications aswell as backlighting or signage andautomotive. “Nichia’s strategy differsfrom the strategy of most competitors.Nichia stays at its roots and shows noambitions for a vertical integration”Masaki Mukaiyama from Nichia Taiwanexplained. “We see our strength insupporting the clients in implementingNichia products in the application inthe best possible way.” Nichia provesthis with the extension of differentproduct lines. For uncompromisingquality, Nichia recently released theNVSx219A line with conformalphosphor coating to provide the bestpossible color consistency over thedistribution angle. According to thecompany’s statement, this line of highintensity point source LEDs offersunprecedented luminous efficacy,source brightness, a compact footprintof a mere 3.5 mm x 3.5 mm, andsuperior color quality. In addition,Nichia added and upgraded the morebudget priced NS Power LED Serieswhite the 183A and the more compact153AM type LEDs to serve costsensitive main stream applications ingeneral lighting.Unlike most other companiesEpistar’s main interest is in selling theLED chips and supporting their clientswith Epistar’s know-how in theproduct development, whether theyproduce packaged LEDs, COB LEDsand LED modules, replacement lampsor complete luminaires and lightingsystems. Epistar featured its HVblue-red LED system for high CRI andhighly efficient white light generation.When two red LED chips and twoblue LED chips are connected inseries, the maximum luminanceefficiency is 120 lm/W at 140 V and20 mA, having a CRI of approximately90 for a 2700 K warm white LEDsystem, according to the companyspokesperson. This design with aclose voltage match to the mainsvoltages (110 V or 230 V) allows driversolutions with better costs andperformance than low voltagesystems. Epistar planned to startsample shipments in July 2011 andvolume shipments in September 2011.Final ThoughtsCompared to previous years, wherewe mostly saw products forcommercial use, most exhibitors alsobrought products for residentiallighting applications with them. Wethink this means that the LEDluminaire and replacement bulbmanufacturers feel that the time is ripefor moving into the consumer market.Publicized announcements ofcompanies prove DoE’s prognosisregarding the price development ofLED products while the efficiency andlumen/package have exceeded theDoE prognosis for a while. It reallyseems that $/klm are coming down tothe level where the residential marketcan be exploited successfully.Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

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INTERVIEWNEW TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS38New Technology Concepts inthe LED Lighting IndustryThomas Zabel, CTO of e:lumix in Germany, explains his technology concepts in an interview withSiegfried Luger, publisher of LED professional. The main topics are silazane technologies in phosphorand the enhanced PWM technology which causes LEDs to "oscillate". These technologies shouldsubstantially increase the efficiency of LEDs for lighting applications.LED professional: The research youhave been carrying out in the field ofLEDs over the years has brought newtechnology concepts to light. If we talkabout phosphors first, can you tell uswhat the current status of thatresearch is?Thomas Zabel: We already have a fewgrams of model silazane technology, asilicon organic complex that has beensynthesized. This technology makes itpossible to have a higher CRI – over 90– even in the area of warm light.LED professional: What are theefficiency values that this technologycan achieve?Thomas Zabel: The conversion level ofphosphor lies between 40% and 75%.Nichia has even achieved levels of over80%. Their patent is based on YAGtechnology and only marginally differsfrom our chemistry for silazanetechnology. However, on a molecularlevel they are different.LED professional: Are there otheradvantages for silazane technology?Thomas Zabel: Apart from theimproved level of efficiency, it is easierto conciliate the phosphor with theLED chip. Basically, there are threetechnologies that can be used to linkthe phosphor with the chip. First of allyou can use the so-called surfacephosphor where plates are coated withphosphor – Remote Phosphor.Secondly, the chip can be coateddirectly with phosphor and thirdly, thetechnology where we can mix thephosphor with the silicone; quasi thevolume approach. We made manycomparisons. Personally, I am a fan ofthe volume method because thistechnology results in the besthomogeneity and applicationefficiency. This is dependent on anideal mixture of silicone and phosphorparticles on a molecular level with thehelp of trichlorosilane.LED professional: To what extentdoes the volume method effect thequality or the life expectancy of an LEDsince we are talking about closecontact here in contrast to, forexample, remote phosphortechnology?Thomas Zabel: If you create a podglobing that doesn’t tolerate the LEDdie or the bond to the die, it can leadto unwanted interactions. Possible lossor change of the LED color is one likelyeffect. I still claim that most LEDfailures whose origin is not overcurrent,are lift-offs where the cause isto be found in the metallurgy of thebonding and the interaction with theglobe.LED professional: Are there othercritical areas that are crucial for the lifeexpectancy of the LED?Thomas Zabel: Basically, you mustalways perceive the LED itself as a verycomplex physical system. It beginswith the lead frame which in thesimplest case is made out of copper ora substrate such as ceramic. A layer ofnickel is galvanized onto the substrateand bonded to the LED chip using diebond glue. The die itself is connectedwith a very complex bond using a diebond wire and connecting again to thelead frame. In the end, we have thepod globe.Of course, this type of setup has verycritical thermodynamic influenceswhich lead to shearing or tractionwithin the LED.LED professional: Let’s come back tothe phosphor. Do you use silazanephosphor for your own products onlyor do you offer it on the free market?Thomas Zabel: There are strategicaspects that have to be taken intoconsideration here. Right now we arestill in the research phase. We canproduce about 10 to 15 grams a week.Obviously, this amount is not enoughfor the mass market.LED professional: How muchphosphor is needed per LED?Thomas Zabel: That depends mainlyon the individual structure of the LED.In addition – it is a secret that no LEDproducer will want to give you detailsabout. You may assume that about10-12 grams are needed daily for anaverage line production. This type ofmanufacturing produces about 10,000pieces an hour excluding defects.Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

LED professional: Let’s changethe subject from phosphortechnology to control technology.You have developed a newprocedure that makes LEDefficiency possible using a specialtype of control. Can you describethis procedure for us in a littlemore detail?Thomas Zabel: Let’s assume wehave quartz that we can trigger tostart it vibrating. Through aspecial multi-layer coat sequence– divided into zones – incombination with an additionalmaterial in the growing process, itis possible to start the LED dievibrating. In this technology wevibrate the molecules in order tobe able to bring the photons outof the grid structure more easily.You can track the effects quiteeasily metrologically bymeasuring the die with andwithout the impressed vibrations.LED professional: How does thischange the light yield? How muchof an efficiency increase can bereached?Thomas Zabel: Ourmeasurements show an increaseof 40% – 45%. An existingproduct in the area of retrofitlamps shows an increase ofabout 30%. Our data is obtainedfrom the output, namely, theamount of light emitted. Thelosses of the LED depend on twofactors: The resistance in thejunction and the conversionlosses. These are the things thatour technology can reduce andconsequently less heat isproduced in the LED die.LED professional: The specialconstruction alone is probablyone side of the picture. What doyou need to create the vibrationsin the first place?Thomas Zabel: You can’t haveone without the other. We needthe appropriate die structure thatallows itself to vibrate and weneed the intelligent controllingthat prompts the vibrations. Wecall this the Key-Lock principle ofenhanced PWM (EPWM)technology. An additional signal ismodulated on the PWM signal. Icall this the inoculation vibrations.LED professional: Is digitalcontrol always the requirement?Thomas Zabel: You can uselinear controlling as well. We havealso experimented with ananalogue OP-control andsourced the LED with theoverlapped signals using a ramp.This works in the same way.LED professional: What is thefrequency range for theseso-called inoculation vibrations?Thomas Zabel: You’re not thefirst person to ask that. I can’tgive you any information aboutthat at this point in time.LED professional: So what you’resaying is that if you want to useEPWM technology, you also needa special LED chip and anadditional EPWM driver. Is thatright?Thomas Zabel: That is correct.We offer the EPWM driver as amodule and the LEDs can beoperated with that. Of course ourLEDs can be operated withoutthe EPWM but in this case theyno longer have the advantage ofincreased efficiency.LED professional: Would theEPWM driver function if used withother LEDs?Thomas Zabel: There is an LEDmanufacturer whose LEDs havestructures which would besuitable but that are notoptimized for EPWM.The current measurement thatshows a comparison of an LEDfrom a well known producershows a system efficiency of42.2 lm/W to 114.5 lm/Wwith EPWM.

INTERVIEWNEW TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS40LED professional: Will you be changingyour entire portfolio to EPWM?LED professional: What is the future ofLED technology?Thomas ZabelCTO of e:lumix LED TechnologyGmbH in GermanyThomas Zabel: Our goal is to equip allsystems with EPWM technology. InChina, for example, we are selling ourLEDs at a lower cost if the EPWMtechnology is being used in order tomake market entry easier. Theelectronics are quite inexpensive.LED professional: What does yourproduction technology for LEDslook like?Thomas Zabel: We work more in thewet chemical area in our production.We process our wafers in baths atcertain temperatures for a certainamount of time. In comparison withevaporation equipment, the investmentfor wet chemical production is quite abit cheaper. The learning process costus a lot but it is now stabile. We haveabout 9%-12% defects whereby 70% ofthe chips are in the main binning groups.Thomas Zabel: It’s going to be veryclose at over 200 lm/W. On the otherhand, the theoretical limit is 355 lm/W,calculated by the charge carrier. I thinkthat in reality, 250 – 260 lm/W will be aline that will be very hard to cross. I amalso not a fan of high power LEDs thathave a droop effect. String / Array /Cluster assemblies seem to me tohave a more promising future. Inconnection with that, more and moresystems are coming out for highervoltages that can, for example, beplugged directly to the mains –without a driver.LED professional: Thank you for theinterview and good luck with yourtechnologies.Thomas Zabel: Thank you very much.LED professional: How do you seeOLED technology in comparison toLED technology?Thomas Zabel: For me, OLED is a verybig research area and has its place inthe display sector. I don’t see OLEDtechnology in general lighting. e:lumixis working solely on LED technology.Seoul Semiconductor 5630 Top View LEDSeoul Semiconductors 5630 is a LM80 certified light source witha stable efficiency against heat. It is SSCs product with the bestlm/€ rate.Features: Full white color range | minimum 100 lm/W | minimumCRI 80 | forward current 100 – 160 mA | luminous flux 30 – 40 lm |viewing angle 120° | thermal resistance value 15K/WApplications : LED-stripe, -panel, -bar, BLU,retrofitwww.seoulsemicon.com40 Years’ Experience as an Independent Value-AddedMicroelectronics and Optoelectronics Service ProviderOur services: Failure & technology analysis, qualifications acc. industry standards &monitoring burn-in, testengineering, semiconductor test, ESD/ESDFOS assessment &training, quality & reliability consulting, supply chain management.Services for LED-based lighting: electro-/optical characterisation (-40°C...+100°C) |selections, (optical parameters) | failure- and physical analysis | lifetesting and statisticalevaluation | eye-safety classifications acc. IEC 62471(LED), DIN EN 60825-1(Laser)We are ISO/TS 16949 certified and a accredited laboratory acc. ISO/IEC 17025standard.www.roodmicrotec.comIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

THE LATESTAND GREATESTLED LIGHTING> A world of 10,000 LED lighting components and design solutions> LEDs, Power and Thermal management, Interconnect and Opticproducts available> Global portfolio of industry leading manufacturerswww.farnell.com/lightingwww.element14.comDesign with the best

TECHNOLOGYPATTERNED SAPPHIRE SUBSTRATES42Sapphire Wafer Wet Etchingversus Dry EtchingLight Extraction Efficiency (LEE) from the LED chip is one of the major topics to improve overall efficiency.Several approaches are proposed to improve LEE. A very common approach is to use dry etchedPatterned Sapphire Substrates (PSS). Carolyn Gruske and Derek Mendes from Imtec Acculine Inc.explain the new and more cost effective approach of wet etching.According to a market researchreport published by StrategiesUnlimited (SU), the highbrightness(HB) LED marketexperienced a 93 percent growthrate between 2009 and 2010.In 2009, the global market forpackaged HB LEDs was $5.6billion. In 2010, it grew to $10.8billion. SU is predicting that by2015 the global market will beworth $18.9 billion, representinga compound annual growth rate(CAGR) of 11.8 percent.Despite the positive forecast, there isone element that has the potential tostifle the growth of the LED market:high (and growing) production costs.The U.S. Department of Energy isexpected to release a report statingthat in order to compete effectivelywith the fluorescent lighting market,solid-state lighting manufacturers needto cut the cost per lumen (currently at$18/klm) by 8x to $2.20/klm by 2015Gaining efficiencies during themanufacturing process is a keymethod to drive down costs. Largerdiametersapphire wafers hold thepromise of making the manufacturingprocess significantly more efficient, butthey also present challenges tofabricators.Transitioning from the utilization of astandard 2-inch wafer to a wafermeasuring 4-inches in diameteressentially quadruples the availablesurface area of the wafer. A doublingof the surface area occurs whenmoving from a 4-inch to a 6-inch wafer,and with every subsequent jump insize comes further substantialincreases in surface area.Unfortunately, theoretical efficienciesgained through the use of larger wafersare drastically undercut if existingmanufacturing equipment is unable tocheaply or easily scale up toaccommodate the larger form-factors.Patterned Sapphire Substrates (PSS)serve a dual-purpose role in the LEDindustry. On the wafer supplier side,they are money-makers. PSS wafersrepresent higher gross margins thantraditionally polished sapphire wafers.On the product development side,PSS-based LEDs are more efficient,more effective light sources.“The PSS reduces the dislocationdensity in the GaN (Gallium Nitride) layerand enhances the light extractionefficiency (LEE) from the LED chip(Figures 1, 2) by scattering the lightconfined in GaN layer attributed to thecritical angle between GaN (n=2.4) andsapphire substrate (n=1.7) (or air(n=1.0)).”[1]The results, shown in Figure 2, indicatethat the electrical performance of LEDchips fabricated on the n-pss andstandard sapphire wafers is verysimilar. From the L–I curve (measuredby an integral sphere apparatus), it wasrevealed that the LED chips on then-pss wafer have a higher light outputpower than those on the standardsapphire wafer. At an input current of350 mA, the average light outputpower of the LED chips on the n-psswafer is 37% larger than that of the LEDchips on the standard sapphire waferDry etching is currently the mostcommon method for producing PSSwafers. At this point, the techniquesand technology for dry etching,including the inductively coupledplasma (ICP) variant of dry etching arecommonplace: lithography exposes apattern onto the sapphire substrate’sphotoresist, which is subsequentlyanisotropically etched into thecrystalline structure via exposure tofluoride-base plasma gas andmicrowave energy. The resulting,highly uniform and densely packeddome-shaped pattern encourageslateral film growth, resulting in fewerdefects and increased light refraction.The LEDs formed using dry-etchedPSS wafers produce highly efficient,very bright light.Dry etching is a very slow process witha low throughput rate. Depending onthe type of film used and the depth ofthe pattern being etched,a standard 2-inch wafer can takebetween 30 and 60 minutes to etch.Although it is nearly impossible to talkabout average rates, given all thepossible variables in the process, it isestimated that dry etching rates rangebetween 50 nm to 200 nm per minute,or 20 minutes per micron.Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

Figure 1: The PL measurement of the GaN epilayer on the n-pss waferindicates a higher intensity and narrower full width at half maximum(FWHM) than those of the GaN epilayer grown on the standard sapphirewafer. This is indicative of the higher axial quality of the GaN epilayergrown on the n-pss wafer (i.e., lower defect level) than that of the GaNepilayer grown on the standard c-plane sapphire waferFigure 2: When the input current is 350 mA, the turn-on voltages of bothLED chips are similar (about 3.6 V). The leakage currents for the LEDchips on the standard sapphire wafer and n-pss sapphire wafer are-1.7 x 10 -7 and -9.5 x 10 -7 at -5 V, respectivelyThe dry etch process also does not scale effectively. As wafer sizeincreases, throughput of a dry etcher decreases as fewer wafers fitinside the vacuum chamber. This means more expensive plasmaetching tools are required to obtain the same throughput as wasachieved on smaller wafers. More tools also come with increasedoperational costs, such as facilities, maintenance, utilities, andconsumables.

TECHNOLOGYPATTERNED SAPPHIRE SUBSTRATES44Figure 3:The liquid in theAccubath Xe tankcomes in contactwith nothingbut high purityquartz. No teflonconnections,sensors, orany other partsare used in theprocess area.Even the built incondensing coilsand automated lidare quartz.demonstrated that “the etching rateincreased linearly when the H 2SOvolume ratio increased from0 to 75%.” [2]According to Sinmat’s Singh, hightemperature wet etching rates can bemeasured in microns per minute, witha rate of more than 1 µm per minutecertainly being achievable under thecorrect conditions. He says it isreasonable to expect a standard 2-inchwafer to be fully etched in five minutes.Natsuko Aota, an Engineer at NamikiPrecision Jewel Co. Ltd. is a proponentof the wet etching process andbelieves in its role as a key costreducer in LED mass production.Figure 4:Unfortunately, theflat top surface ofthe cone posestwo significantchallenges tothose used toworking withthe dry etchingprocess. The flattopped surfacesact to discouragethe lateral growthof film andencourage verticalfilm growth,resulting in anincreased numberof defects.Additionally theshape of thestructures inhibitsefficient lightrefractionIn comparison, the high-temperaturewet etching process provides the dualadvantages of being extremely fastand comparatively much cheaper thandry etching.During high temperature wet etching,Gallium Nitride (GaN) or Indium GalliumNitride (InGaN) coated wafers areplaced in a tank containing a mixture ofetching and buffering agents -normally sulphuric and phosphoricacids typically in a 1:1 or 3:1 ratio. Priorto submersion, a silicon dioxide mask isspun onto the sapphire substrate via aplasma enhanced chemical vapour(PECVD) process and lithography isemployed to expose the desired pattern.Temperatures ranging between 260°Cand 300°C are applied to the mixture.These temperatures greatly surpassthose used in traditional semiconductorfabricating (which typically rangebetween 150°C to 180°C).Rather than etching rates increasingalong a linear scale as the temperaturerises, they increase exponentially;Hence a 300°C temperature may havean etch rate that is twice as fast as theetch rate experienced at 260°C.Conversely, researchers haveThe high temperature wet etchingprocess holds the advantage over dryetching in terms of speed, cost, andscalability. A process tank for a batchof 6-inch wafers, for example, is onlyslightly more in cost than a tankdesigned for a batch of 2-inch wafersand can hold the same number ofwafers.Of course, the use of extremely hotchemicals can pose a challenge formanufacturers. Chemicals hot enoughand powerful enough to rapidly etchsapphire surfaces must be containedand handled safely. At the core of anysystem is the tank. It must be designednot to react with any of the chemicals,so tanks are constructed of high purity,virgin annealed quartz (Figure 3). Theycontain no plastics that come incontact with the mixture. Built-intemperature sensors feed precisereadings back to the systemsmanagement equipment. As addedsafety features, the XE-Series includesa cool down module to house the hotchemistry while it cools and anoverflow tank that can hold 120 percent of the volume of the main tank, incase an accident should occur.The PSS that results from the hightemperaturewet etching process is asignificant improvement upon anon-patterned wafer in terms of lightextraction and efficiency. The processresults in the creation of truncatedcone shapes – conical structures withflat tops (Figure 4).Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

Bringing Light to LifeOctober 24-26, 2011Hilton San Diego ResortSan Diego, CaliforniaWant to raise your company profile withdecision makers in the LED and solid statelighting industry? Contact Brian Santosat brian.santos@pira-international.com or+1 207 781 9618 for information aboutsponsoring or exhibiting.“The collective knowledge and insightfulness of the speakers isastoundingly impressive; this conference is a ‘must’ for anyone in thesolid state lighting industry.”CREE“It’s a great way to learn about the industry and meet key players!”COGNEX CORPORATION“The presentations, the displays and the attendees offer a wonderfulcross-section of this diverse industry. This is a ‘must attend’ conference.”HONEYWELL“Good show to get a snapshot of what is going on in the LED space.”DUPONT ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIESwww.ledsconference.com

TECHNOLOGYPATTERNED SAPPHIRE SUBSTRATES46Figure 5:Formerly flat,truncated shapespolished androunded (a) nowmore closelyresemble dryetchedPSSpatterns (b)abhowever presents a considerable costsavings over dry etching, even ifpolishing touch-up work is performedon the wafers to increase lightextraction efficiencies. It also scalesmuch more efficiently making the costsavings multiply dramatically asthroughput and wafer size increase.Looking at the financial side, Rajiv K.Singh, founder and CTO of Sinmatbreaks the numbers down like this:“Say you look at a flat substrate, andthen you make a patterned substrate,the cost of making a patternedsubstrate increases the cost by 20%or maybe 25%. The wet etch woulddecrease that added cost by half.”Given the combination of per unit costsavings with significantly higheretch-rates, LED manufacturers andsapphire wafer suppliers need to givehigh temperature wet etching seriousconsideration.Since this is still a relatively newprocess, research is being conductedinto improving the quality of wet etchedsapphire wafers. One companyundertaking such research is SinmatInc., which has developed a method topolish the flat structures therebyproducing rounder, more efficientdomes – domes that more closelyresemble the shape of those producedby the dry etching process(Figure 5a, b).Others are investigating the creation ofpatterns other than cone shapes. Atthe National Chung Hsing University inTaiwan, researchers created“truncated-triangle-striped patternedsapphiresubstrate and a rhombus-likeair-void structure at the GaN/sapphireinterface to increase the light extractionefficiency. The truncated-trianglestripedpatterned-sapphire substratewas fabricated through a wet etchingprocess in hot sulfuric and phosphoricacid solutions. A rhombus-like air-voidstructure at the GaN/sapphire interfacewas formed though a wet etchingprocess along a V-shaped air-voidstructure on the patterned sapphiresubstrate.” After testing, theresearchers concluded that “the[rhombus-like air-void structure LED ]RA-LED has a 65% light–output powerenhancement, a smaller divergentangle, and a periodic higher lightintensity profile compared to a [flatsapphire substrate standard LED]STLED that provides a high externalquantum efficiency in Nitride-basedLED applications.” [3]Currently, LED manufacturers have thechoice of two very differentmanufacturing processes. Dry etchingcreates bright efficient LEDs but doesso slowly and with limited throughput.Wet etching is fast and very scalable,but produces LEDs that aren’t quite aseffective or efficient. Wet etching,References:[1] Kazuyuki Tadatomo and NarihitoOkada Development of patternedsapphire substrate and theapplication to the growth ofnon-polar and semi-polar GaN forlight-emitting diodes Proc. SPIE7954, 795416 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.874179[2] Wuu et al. Fabrication of thePyrramidal Base SapphireSubstrates for High-EfficiencyBased InGaN-Based Light EmittingDiodes, Journal of ElectrochemicalSociety 153 (8)G765-G770 (2006)[3] Dai et al. Enhanced the LightExtraction Efficiency of a InGaNLight Emitting Diodes with anEmbedded Rhombus-Like Air-VoidStructure, Applied Physics Express3 (2010) 071002Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

ELECTRONICSADAPTIVE LED VOLTAGE REGULATION48An Advanced and CompleteLED Driving SolutionThe presence of artificial, electrical lighting is a constant in our daily lives. Luigi Pistoni and MassimilianoMerisio from STMicroelectronics analyze the advantages of LEDs and give an overview of the numerouslighting applications involved. As a result they propose a dedicated driver solution capable of exploitingthe best of an LED’s peculiarities.IntroductionFor several years, traditionalincandescent bulbs, fluorescentand halogen lamps have beenour main light sources. Themassive diffusion of LEDsas replacements for theselight sources has significantlychanged the concept of lighting,easing design and meeting newdemands. The ever growinguse of LEDs in various lightingsegments justifies the importanceof tailored driving solutions.LED Diffusion in theLighting WorldThese days, the presence of artificiallight in daily life is taken for granted.Both in private and in public contexts,indoors and outdoors, lighting plays afundamental role in human activities asa basic need, for safety reasons, fordecoration, or recreational activities.The traditional sources dominating thelighting world in the last few decades(incandescent bulbs, fluorescentlamps, halogen lamps, etc.) are givingway to LEDs, and the fact of their widediffusion today.The use of LEDs in indoor and outdoorlighting is prevalent as ambient lighting,emergency lighting, street lighting,decorative lights, as well as lighting inmuseums, stations and airports are allexamples of applications where LEDsare widely employed (Figure 1).There are several reasons why LEDsare revolutionizing this marketsegment:• Ecological solutions, since LEDs donot contain hazardous materials• Long lifetime (up to 50,000hours and over), which simplifiesmaintenance and improvesreliability• Low driving voltages, significantlyimpacting the safety of theapplications• High brightness efficiencycompared to most of the traditionallight sources• Wide availability of colors,particularly appreciated inarchitectural lighting solutionsFigure 1:Examples ofLED lightingapplicationsIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

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ELECTRONICSADAPTIVE LED VOLTAGE REGULATION50It is worth mentioning that in the past adisadvantage of LEDs was the cost.However, the cost of LEDs has recentlybecome increasingly competitive,making this choice even moreattractive.LED Lighting RequirementsIn the wide world of lighting, differentrequirements can arise according tothe variety of applications involved.A common and basic demand of anylighting solution is the capability toregulate the brightness.As the brightness of the light emitted isproportional to the current flowingthrough the LEDs, the driving principleimplies the control of the current.However, an accurate control of thebrightness cannot be achieved bysimply adjusting the current. Thevariation of the current in a LED alsoresults in a change in the light’s color,unacceptable in most applications.This PWM dimming (Figure 2b) consistsof controlling the average current(proportional to the programmed dutycycle), which regulates the brightnesswhereas the instantaneous value fixesthe color of the light.The analog dimming described inFigure 2a means simply varying theinstantaneous current, instead. But thisdoes not allow color preservation.In accordance with the finalapplication, the range of the current(and therefore the power of theselected LED) can vary a lot. Moreover,the number of LEDs to drive and theirarrangement (series or parallel) canchange significantly as well.In home lighting, for example, adifferent number of LEDs and differentpowers can be requested dependingon the ambient where the light isplaced. Even though the LEDs mightbe the same in terms of power andnumber, particular design needs couldrequest different LED arrangements.Since saving money is a key concept,the choice of efficient systemsbecomes fundamental.It is worth re-acknowledging that LEDsare known to be environmentallyfriendly not only because they are freeof hazardous materials but alsobecause of their high efficiency. Thisvaluable feature should be emphasizedby the use of smart ICs capable ofreducing power consumption.Furthermore, lighting solutions mustcomply with the more and more strictregulations in terms of efficiency andenergy saving, which is now of primaryimportance.A Dedicated LED DrivingSolutionThe LED driving solution described inthis section uses the LED7707.This IC combines a switching step-upconversion, which provides the LEDvoltage rail, and six current generators.Therefore, in order to guarantee goodchromatic performance, more effectivedimming techniques have to beimplemented.From this perspective, the adoption ofPWM dimming is a common way tosucceed in brightness adjustment,preserving the color of the emitted lightat the same time (Figure 2).An additional differentiating parameteris doubtless the voltage rail. Typicalavailable voltages range from 6 V(e.g. emergency lighting) to 12 VDCand 12 VAC (e.g. MR16 replacement inhome lighting), also to 24 V or 48 V(e.g. street lighting).A single LED driving solution flexibleenough to fit these different demandswould surely be appreciated if it alsoeased the lighting design and savedcosts.The boost converter is not the onlysolution to regulate the proper voltageto supply LEDs. A buck conversioncould only fit some applications;however as the number of LEDs(in series) increases, this solution is nolonger acceptable.Certainly, a buck-boost conversion hasthe highest flexibility, but thecomplexity and the typical poorefficiency of this architecture are worthconsidering.Figure 2:Comparisonbetween analogdimming (a) andPWM dimming (b)Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

ELECTRONICSADAPTIVE LED VOLTAGE REGULATION51Figure 3:Two different LEDdriving solutionsfor lighting usingLED7707: sixseparate channels(top) or singlestring (bottom)As is known, an LED’s forward voltage(V F) is characterized by a spread.Although the giant steps in LEDtechnology have reduced the V Fvariation, and LED suppliers alsoprovide selections based on the V Frange, the voltage rail for a string ofLEDs must be carefully chosen. Thisvoltage should be high enough toguarantee the correct driving of allLEDs in the same string. On the otherhand, a voltage excess should beprevented for power dissipationconcerns.Moreover, the intrinsic variation of V Fwith the temperature (V Fdecreases astemperature increases) complicatesthe LED voltage choice further.The adaptive voltage regulation(Figure 4) implemented by theLED7707 automatically regulates theboost voltage.In the “not adapted” approach(Figure 4b), the boost voltage is fixedaccording to the expected maximumvoltage string, which is usually muchhigher than the actual one. The voltageexcess causes further useless powerdissipation.The boost conversion, together withthe 40 V silicon technology employedto design the LED7707, allows up toten white LEDs per channel to bedriven (ten LEDs in series to eachcurrent generator).The LED current is programmed by anexternal resistor for all channels andcan be set up to 85 mA per channel.According to the applicationrequirements, the LEDs can bearranged in series and parallel (moreLEDs in series over several rows),using channels separately (for lowercurrent request) or connecting two ormore generators together (achieving amaximum current of 510 mA for highbrightness LED driving). Different LEDarrangements are shown in Figure 3:More LEDs in series in a single stringensure uniform brightness. On theother hand, the number of LEDsin series is limited by safety constraintsin terms of maximum voltage and bythe external components cost. LEDsdistributed on several rows reduce thevoltage to manage, but intrinsicdifferences in current regulated in eachchannel can cause a slight unevennessin brightness.In this way, the good current accuracy(maximum ±2%) between rows offeredby the LED7707 becomes an essentialfeature.Beyond satisfying different currentrequests, the flexibility of the LED7707is also enhanced by managing widevoltage ranges.In fact, the switching section can boostthe input voltage from 4.5 V up to 36 Vimplementing a smart adaptive voltageregulation.In contrast, the adaptive regulationallows the device to determine in realtime (see Figure 4a and Figure 4c) thestring with the highest voltage, andconsequently, to set the boost voltage.Hence, the automatic regulation of theboost voltage implies the correctdriving of all LEDs, and at the sametime, the limitation of the voltage dropacross current generators.This not only represents a strongcontribution to power saving butalso becomes particularly useful inbattery powered applications, likeemergency lighting.As extensively noted in this paper, theidea of accurate regulation of thebrightness is fundamental in lighting.The excellent time response of thecurrent generators integrated in theLED7707 is a key factor to obtain highperformance PWM dimming: an© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

ELECTRONICSADAPTIVE LED VOLTAGE REGULATION52Figure 4:Description ofadaptive LEDvoltage regulationenhanced brightness control can beaccomplished because of thecapability to manage 1% dimmingsteps at a 1 kHz dimming frequency.However, the quality of a lightingsystem should not be evaluated interms of performance only, but also,for example, in terms of reliability.From this point of view, the real timefaulty LEDs’ detection implemented bythe LED7707 enhances the robustnessof the solution and eases themaintenance of the system.Shorted LEDs or open channels (dueto LED failure or to any other cause)are identified and the anomalouscondition is indicated by a signalpresent at a dedicated open drain pin.A remote control can easily identify theissue.Meanwhile, the device can manage theabnormal condition in different ways inaccordance with the selection of adedicated pin (MODE): the system canstop working or continue supplyingonly those rows not affected by theLED failure.ConclusionsThe well-known advantages of LEDscombined with dedicated drivers easethe design of LED lighting solutionsemployed in various applications.The use of tailored drivers satisfyingthe demands of this market segmentfurther facilitates the diffusion of LEDsas the prevailing light source in thenear future.The LED7707, characterized by goodperformance in terms of efficiency,brightness control, flexibility in voltageand current ranges, represents apositive solution to meet the different,and often strict, requirements of thelighting world.SignComplex Mini RGB LED ControllerCompatible with all common RGB strips and low voltage RGBlamps, built-in 16 modes and can be controlled by a small key board.Automatically adapt to LED light which works at DC12 V or DC24 V.Hardware PWM dimmer without any flashes. High-power MOS driver,the whole current of the RGB three channels reaches up to 12 A.For further information please contact SignComplex atwww.signcomplex.comwww.signcomplex.comIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

We bring quality to light.LED test & measurementsolutions from the world leaderInstrument Systems continues to set the benchmark in LED metrology. Whether testing individual LEDs(standard or high-power), LED modules, or OLEDs - the global LED industry relies on us to engineer superiormeasurement equipment for high-speed production testing and high-performance R&D and QC applications.Our instruments provide accurateand reliable results as per CIErecommendations and methods: Luminous flux [lm], luminous intensity [cd],and luminance [cd/m2] Chromaticity coordinates x,y,z and u’v’ Color temperature and color rendering index Dominant wavelength and spectral data Spatial radiation patternlight measurementInstrument Systems Germany · Phone: +49 89 45 49 43 0 · info@instrumentsystems.com · www.instrumentsystems.com

ELECTRONICSMULTI-CHANNEL LED DRIVER54High-Efficient, High-PowerMulti-Channel LED DriverFor high performance LED-Drivers in high quality lighting applications multi-channel output is one of themost desired features. This is a big market for semiconductors, of course, but there are oftenalternatives which are smaller, more efficient or less expensive. Winfried Beyer, Senior Design Engineerand Stephan Gruber, MD from exscitron GmbH introduce a new approach to increase efficiency andperformance of isolated multi-channel off-line LED-drivers.The ProblemIn most street lights, multiplestrings of high-power-LEDs arefitted to reach the desired lightoutput. Each string is madeof several (e. g. 12) in seriesconnected LEDs to keep theoverall string-voltage belowthe SELV-limit (Safety ExtraLow Voltage) in order to keepheatsink insulation and mountingas simple as possible. If thesestrings are connected in parallel,the current flowing in one stringwill not be the same as in theother due to tolerances offorward voltage and temperaturedifferences between the LEDchips. Figure 1 shows how acurrent mismatch betweentwo strings would arise whenconnected in parallel and drivenwith constant voltage (CV).Due to the low dynamic resistance ofLEDs a small difference in voltage dropcauses a significant different current inthe paralleled strings. As aconsequence the string with the highercurrent and hence higher power lossbecomes warmer resulting in an evenlower forward voltage and a moreuneven current distribution. This finallyresults in a visible brightness differenceand overloading of one string reducingits lifetime.Figure 1:Different currentsflowing inparalleled LEDstringsStandard SolutionTherefore each string has to be suppliedfrom an individual current source whichis achieved by adding a buck-regulatorcircuit between the constant voltagesource and each string. Figure 2 showsthis configuration.The buck regulators could also receivean individual control signal and thus acolor mixing scheme could be installedif each string consists of LEDs of adifferent color.Figure 2:3-stage conceptwith individualcurrent regulatorstages for eachLED-stringIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

ELECTRONICSMULTI-CHANNEL LED DRIVER55The shortcoming of this 3-stageconcept, however, is the poor overallefficiency of the whole current supplyunit. The overall efficiency is theproduct of the efficiencies of the singlestages.∑ η = η PFC* η DC/DC* η BuckIf an overall efficiency better than 90%is desired each single stage of thesystem needs to have an efficiency ofat least 96.55%. This is only possible iffancy topologies and benchmark partsare employed making the whole unitquite expensive and complicated.With cheap standard parts andconcepts the following efficiencyfigures are reality:PFC-stage: 94%DC/DC-stage: 93%Buck-stage: 92%Overall: 80%This efficiency figures are based on anarrow range 120 W output power4-channel unit with string voltages of48 V. If a lower string voltage or widerange input are used the efficiencyfigures drop further. With the exampleabove the power loss of the driveralone is 30 W! To give a better feelingfor this number a normal soldering ironused in electronics has this powerconsumption.Doing it BetterTo improve the efficiency the PFC- andDC/DC-stage could be combined intoa single stage concept. A flybackconverter is a common choice in thiscase because of its easy controlscheme and low parts count. However,the efficiency of this stage won’t beabove 90% best more common are85%, the buck-regulators for multiplechannels at the output are still neededand with power levels >100 W thisconcept hits its limitations.A high efficiency power stage wouldbe a LLC-converter. To achieve off-linea good power factor with this conceptan additional controller is necessary.This controller monitors the linevoltageand varies the setpoint for theLLC-converter in such a way that theinput current meets the desired powerfactor and the applicable standard [1]for the harmonic current content. Theregulator on the primary side ensures aconstant output current rather than aconstant voltage. As there is nowalready a constant O/P-current passivecurrent splitter stages could easily bedriven avoiding the buck-stages in thisway. Figure 3 shows this concept withcascaded splitter stages to form a4-channel solution.Looking to the efficiency figures atforesaid conditions reveals thefollowing for this concept:Single stage LLC-converter: 93%Current splitting stages combined: 99%Overall efficiency 92%To achieve this efficiency only off theshelf standard parts had been usedand the dissipated power is only10.4 W so the power losses at thedriver are reduced by almost 70%compared to the 3-stage concept.Spinning it further and use benchmarkparts would achieve an overallefficiency of up to 95% with areduction of power losses by thenmore than 81%. The measured valuesof this 4-channel unit in a street light atfull load are shown in table 1.Vin(V)= 230 Pin(W)= 132.8 PF= 0.9660/P Vdc (V) Vac (V) ldc (mA) lac (mA) Irms (mA) P (W)CH 1 43.63 0.52 698 48 699.6 30.53CH 2 44.38 0.51 696 46 697.5 30.96CH 3 43.62 0.51 697 48 698.7 30.48CH4 43.46 0.51 699 49 700.7 30.45Pout(W): 122.41η(%)= 92.2Table 1: Full load test resultsFigure 3:Primary singlestage conceptwith secondarypassive currentsplitting© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

ELECTRONICSMULTI-CHANNEL LED DRIVER56Furthermore remarkable for thisconcept is the fact that for an isolatedoff-line 4-channel LED-driver only 2power switches at the LLC-converterare employed making it veryeconomical!Instead of the primary high-voltagebulk capacitor low voltage capacitorsare used on the output for line rippleattenuation. This low voltageelectrolytic capacitors have muchhigher life-time figures than those forhigh voltage. All this factors togetheralso increase the life-time figure for theballast unit to match those for LEDs.That there is virtually no inputcapacitor eases the circuit in so far asno measures have to be taken to limitand avoid excessive inrush currentsand so the line fuse doesn’t have to beoversized.The regulator circuit on the primaryside keeps the overall (sum) outputcurrent provided by the ballast unitconstant. As every individual channelis a current source itself the voltagesacross each channel can vary fromzero (short circuit) to the maximumvoltage allowed by the design of theballast unit. This maximum voltagecould be 12, 24, 48 V or any other valuedepending from the actual transformerturns ratio and system set-up used.This allows for example to use stringswith different number of LEDs ordifferent color. The efficiency of theballast unit drops only slightly whendriving a RGBW light engine mountwith 12 LEDs per string but differentcolor. The results are shown in Table 2.Vin(V)= 230 Pin(W)= 110.6 PF= 0.970/p Vdc (V) Vac (V) ldc (mA) lac (mA) Irms (mA) P(W)R(Ch 1) 26.38 0.5 704 72 707.7 18.67G(Ch2) 40.36 0.5 699 51 700.9 28.29B(Ch3) 37.83 0.5 702 67 705.2 26.68W (Ch4) 38.79 0.5 703 60 705.6 27.37Table 2: Full load results with RGBW-loadControllabilityThe fact that each output channel isactually a current source makesswitching off and thus dimming of anindividual channel easy, too. Theoutput just has to be shorted. Ashorted switching current sourceallows only the same current as innormal operation but the primary fedpower is reduced by the shortedfraction. In order not to discharge theoutput capacitor every time when sucha short circuit switch is closed they areconnected before the rectifier on theRF-side of the output. In Figure 4 thisswitches are added.With this configuration PWM-dimmingof each individual output and thereforecolor mixing could easily be achieved.The only difference to the controlsignal for buck stages is the invertedduty-cycle here. The PWM-signal islow frequency, at least high enoughnot to encounter visible flicker, thuskeeping the switching losses at aminimum. For example those switchesfor a 120W 4-channel ballast unit aremounted in a 6-pin SOT-23 case each.η(%)= 91.3As the maximum possible currentIMAX flowing in each string of LEDs isgiven by the configuration and setpointvalue of the primary power stage theresulting individual string currentISTRING calculates simply from theapplied ON-duty-cycle D of the controlsignal driving the associated shortcircuit switch:I STRING= (1 - D) * I MAXOr the other way around with a desiredstring current given the necessarycontrol signal duty cycle is as follows:D = 1 - I STRING/ I MAXPout(W): 101Principle of OperationPrincipally the splitter stages act asauto-transformers if one string voltageis different to the other. The fact that aLLC-converter with a push-pull signaldrives the primary side has theadvantage to reset/reverse themagnetizing current of the splitterstages each half-wave after anotherwhen one output string is shorted orFigure 4:Added switches toshort each outputIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

Tokyo Big Sight, JapanOrganised by: Reed Exhibitions Japan Ltd.For more informationwww.lightingjapan.jp/en/

ELECTRONICSMULTI-CHANNEL LED DRIVER58has a different forward voltage as theother. The latter for example would bethe case when LEDs of different stringshave other colors as used in colormixing applications. The keywaveforms of a 120 W 4-channel unitwith one output completely shortedare shown in Figure 5. The load of thisunit are 4 strings of 12 white LEDsdriven with 700 mA (DC) each.Figure 5: Waveforms with one O/P shortedChannel 1: Voltage at the non-shorted outputs.Channel 2: Voltage fed into the first splitter stage (signal ‘sum O/P’ shown in Figure 4).Channel 3: Voltage fed into the last splitter stage (signal ‘part 2’ shown in Figure 4).Channel 4: Voltage at the shorted O/P String 4.Vin(V)= 230 Pin(W)= 103.3 PF= 0.9710/P Vdc (V) Vac (V) ldc (mA) lac (mA) Irms (mA) P (W)Ch 1 43.75 0.5 702 47 703.6 30.78Ch 2 44.5 0.5 698 45 699.4 31.13Ch 3 0.5 701 47 702.6 30.76Ch 4 0 0 766 588 965.7 0Table 3: Results with channel 4 shortedη(%)= 89.7Pout(W): 92.67Table 3 shows the measuring resultsand efficiency with this configuration.Even with a fully shorted output themeasured efficiency still is almost90%. The drop is mainly caused bymagnetizing losses of the splitterstages and the bigger weight of thehousekeeping functions because ofreduced overall power.It can be seen that with one O/P of a4-channel unit shorted the fed voltageinto the splitter stages is only ¾ of thevoltage level at full load. As the currentis kept constant the drawn power inthis case is only ¾, too. For betterunderstanding Figure 6 shows thesplitter stages and the voltage levels inthe system are visualized graphically.Now with our 4-channel ballast unit aRGBW light engine had been drivenwith each channel set to a differentdim level. Figure 7 shows thewaveforms and Table 4 the recordedmeasurements. W (Ch4) was set to100%, R (Ch1) to 75%, G (Ch2) to 50%and B (Ch3) to 18%.Figure 6: All 4 channels at full load (left), Channel (String) 4 shorted (right)Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

ELECTRONICSMULTI-CHANNEL LED DRIVER59Figure 7: RGBW with different dim-level each channelChannel 3: Voltage fed into R-channel (signal ‘String 1’ shown in Figure 4).Channel 4: Voltage fed into G-channel (signal ‘String 2’ shown in Figure 4).Channel 2: Voltage fed into B-channel (signal ‘String 3’ shown in Figure 4).Channel 1: Voltage fed into W-channel (signal ‘String 4’ shown in Figure 4).Vin(V)= 230 Pin(W)= 67.3 PF= 0.9040/P Vdc (V) Vac (V) ldc (mA) lac (mA) Irms (mA) P(W)R(Ch 1) 25.68 0.37 522 50 524.4 13.47G(Ch2) 37.79 0.25 349 19 349.5 13.21B(Ch3) 33.18 0.1 124 7 124.2 4.12W (Ch4) 39.7 0.49 696 57 698.3 27.72Pout(W): 58.52η(%)= 87.0Table 4: Measurement results with dimmed RGBWFigure 8: RGBW with different dim-level and sum-signal

ELECTRONICSMULTI-CHANNEL LED DRIVER60The chosen dimming frequency wasset to 1 kHz to keep the light outputabsolutely flicker free. Figure 8 wasrecorded with the same set-up as atFigure 7 but the difference that channel1 now shows the voltage fed into thefirst splitter stage (signal ‘sum O/P’shown in Figure 4).It can be seen that the feeding ballastunit is a true current source as the sumvoltage shown by channel 1 changesinstantaneous with shorting a channelor release a short circuit.Figure 9: Short circuit switch current at ON stateDimensioningDimensioning the short circuit switchesis rather easy. Because the voltage onthe secondary side is SELV small lowvoltage switches could do the job forthis purpose. Figure 9 shows explicitthe current waveform flowing in a shortcircuit switch when ON at full load.As the nominal string current is 700mAit can be seen from this picture that thepeak current handling capability has tobe 2.5 times and more important theRMS current handling capability ofthose switches must be roughly 1.4times the nominal DC string currentbecause a significant AC-componentis also present.Figure 10 shows the I/P and O/Pwaveforms of the 120W 4-channelLED-driver under normal conditions atfull load powering a street light.Figure 10: Full load I/P and O/P waveforms of the 120W 4-channel LED-driverChannel 3: Voltage at the outputs.Channel 1: Output current of a single string.Channel 2: Input current drawn from the main supply.Channel 4: Mains voltage.The measured power factor here is>0.96 and the applicable EMI-standard[2] is met as well as the standard forthe harmonic current content [1].ConclusionsAll this is making the single stageconcept with passive splitting a goodchoice for temperature criticalapplications. Heat not generateddoesn’t have to be dissipated, evenbetter when this comes through withadded functionality, simple and for acompetitive price either.References:[1] EN61000-3-2 class C[2] EN55022 class BIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

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SPECIAL TOPICSHIGH BRIGHTNESS LEDS ON FR462High Brightness LEDs on FR4LaminatesGerhard Neumann is convinced that there is no need for Insulated Metal Substrates for LEDapplications. The Melecs Head of R&D and his engineering team have proven that common FR4laminates will sufficiently withstand the heat of HB LEDs.Figure 1:Test setup of aBritish luxury carheadlamp: SixLuxeon RebelLEDs assembledon a FR4 substrateare integratedin the headlamphousingIntroductionThe need to dissipate heatfrom electronic modulesand assemblies is gainingimportance quickly – not only asa consequence of the inevitable"smaller, faster" trend formicroelectronics to operate athigher frequencies and higherperformance levels. In the fieldof automotive engineering,thermal management becomesa critical consideration. Despitethe widespread experience withheating issues of DC powersupplies, inverters, powercontrollers and motor drivers, thedesign of applications with highbrightnessLEDs (HB LEDs) is stillchallenging and in consequencethe use of expensive InsulatedMetal Substrates within printedcircuit boards is the first choice.However, a tricky thermalmanagement constructionnow allows for the use of FR4laminates in headlamps using HBLEDs.Generally, the thermal management ofan electronic system encompasses allof the thermal processes andtechnologies that must be employed toremove and transfer heat fromindividual components to the systems’thermal sink in a controlled manner.Engineers developing a system have toensure that the temperature of allcomponents is maintained withinfunctional and absolute maximumlimits. For this, the functionaltemperature limit is the range withinwhich the electrical circuits can beexpected to meet their specifiedperformance or cause logic errors.Temperatures exceeding the limits cancause physical destruction or mayresult in early failure of electroniccomponents in the system.Considering the CostChallengesHow to disperse the heat?Conduction, convection, andradiation are the three means of heattransfer. Probably the most efficientmode of heat transfer is conductionthrough the substrate. Many powerelectronicsand under-bonnetautomotive devices are built usingdirect bonded copper (DBC)substrates on ceramics with goodthermal conductivity, although at asignificantly higher cost. Anotheralternative are Metal Core PrintedCircuit boards (MCPCB) whichcombine an aluminium core with anepoxy isolation and copperconductor pattern.The disadvantage of these thermalmanagement solutions is thatnormally it’s not possible to mountLEDs and the required driverelectronics on a single printed circuitboard at a reasonable price. Theadditional space needed comes witha huge cost penalty.In order to maintain a low junctiontemperature to keep goodperformance of an LED, every methodof conveying heat away from LEDsshould be considered. An LED isIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

63essentially a p-n junctionsemiconductor diode that emits lightby electroluminescence when anelectric current is applied. Lightintensity is a function of the forwardcurrent across the junction, andhigher currents cause the junctiontemperature to increase. Goodthermal management is required toachieve bright light withoutoverheating the junction. The lifeexpectancy of an LED is closelyrelated to the operating temperatureof the junction: A 10°C reduction injunction temperature willapproximately double the lifeexpectancy of the LED. Clearly, thekey to energy efficiency and longevityis proper thermal management. Just abit too much heat can cause acomplete colour change, the lightintensity will decrease and spectralparameters like colour temperature,colour coordinates or dominantwavelengths will suffer accordingly.A New Way of ThermalManagementHowever, for the very cost sensitiveautomotive business, these solutions arequite expensive. Ease of production andease of use were the main challenges inorder to realize an affordable headlamp.Looking for increased productionefficiencies and lower cost FR4 laminatesseemed to be a way; especially high-Tglaminates with a nominal glass transitiontemperature of 170 to 180 °C (DSC). Thiskind of epoxy system offers very goodresistance to heat and chemical attack.Additionally, they cope with theincreasing thermal stress associated withlead-free interconnection technology toan extremely high degree.Although common printed circuitmaterials have good electrical insulationproperties, they generally provideacceptable thermal insulation as well.The idea was to find a way using high-TgFR4 for the HB LEDs like Luxeon Rebelfrom Philips Lumileds. These LEDs withtheir InGaN/GaN flip-chip design createbrilliant white light. Moreover, theycombine a compact package designwith a simplified secondary optic designand integration. This way, they reducethe need for sophisticated thermalmanagement engineering and easeassembly and integration which leads toreduced manufacturing costs. However,two steps are necessary in order toobtain good heat dissipation:• The thermal path needs to be as shortas possible• The thermal path needs to be as wideas possibleTo achieve this, thin printed circuit boardsare required with a thickness of at least0.7 mm or 0.8 mm. Boards with athickness below 0.7 mm may be difficultto handle in the assembly process due tothe need for additional supports orremovable substrates. On the otherhand, the thermal resistance of boardswith more than 0.8 mm thickness willincrease significantly.The 13 th annual OLEDs World Summit will unite more than 100 OLEDsexperts from around the globe for an in-depth look at the industry.September 26-28, 2011Hotel Argonaut, San Francisco, CABe sure to bookmark and visit www.oledsworldsummit.comfrequently for speaker and agenda updates.www.oledsworldsummit.comMore than 100 senior-levelmanagers and OLED technologistsare expected to attend theconference to discuss the stateof the industry, products,applications, manufacturingchallenges and more!Attendees will strategically examine variousmeans to boost OLEDs momentum inboth the lighting and displays sectors, andbrainstorm on ways to move the industryforward. If you work in the OLEDs industrythis is one event you won’t want to miss!OLEDs World Summitpresented inassociation withfollow theconference© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.@LEDsandOLEDsOLEDs World SummitIssue 27 2011

SPECIAL TOPICSHIGH BRIGHTNESS LEDS ON FR464Figure 2:Measurementresults of a 1mmAl-PCB (a) andan FR4-PCB (b)under extremetemperatureconditions of 95°Cclearly showeda temperaturedifference ofabout 14 K at 7 Wtotal powerSeveral tests have shown that a doublesided, plated-through printed circuitboard with an external copper layerbetween 70 µm and 105 µm on thebottom side are ideally meeting therequirements to dissipate the pointshapedheat from the LED on ahorizontal area of about 15mm x15mm. The heat is then conductedthrough the board through vias with apitch of 0.8 to 1mm. Good results havebeen achieved with a final holediameter of 0.35mm. A low thermalcontact resistance paves the way forthe heat to the heat sink. Additionally,due to the good thermal spreading inthe bottom-side copper layer, nofull-area thermocouple contacts areneeded. Hence, efficient thermalmanagement with common insulatedmetal substrates doesn’t have to bethe first choice any longer. Whileomitting the interface materialreduces the active heat transfer area,the direct contact without theinterface’s conduction losses easilymakes up for that.The measurement results clearlyshowed a temperature difference ofabout 14 K at 7 W total power. Thatmeans that the contact resistance byusing FR4 substrates increases by only2 K/W while cost reductions inmanufacturing the printed circuit boardsamount to approximately two thirds.中 国 照 明 科 技 网Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

SPECIAL TOPICSHIGH BRIGHTNESS LEDS ON FR465Figure 3:No thermal stresshas shown upat an ambienttemperature of70 °C by usingstandard PC ABSmouldsFigure 4:Ease ofproduction anduse: The printedcircuit board isconnected to thelamp housingby proprietarilydevelopedsteel clampswhich allow asolid thermalmanagementSuccess with CrampsUsing a standard printed circuit boardwith conductor path width and spacingof 200 µm not only lowers the costs.Tests proved that in the case ofdaytime headlights with four LuxeonRebels LEDs aluminium heat sinks canbe avoided even when the ambienttemperature reaches 70 °C. However,the latter case requires a reliablethermal contact between the printedcircuit board copper and the heatresistantthermoplastic moulding (e.g.PC ABS; Polycarbonate AcrylonitrileButadiene Styrene) of the lamp overthe whole life expectancy of the LED.This special contact is provided byproprietarily developed steel clampswhich connect the printed circuit boardto the lamp housing. Therefore, thehousing material doesn’t necessarilyneed an improved thermalconductivity. The only requirement isstandard PC ABS material. Due to this,friction-welding of casing and faceplateis easy to do. The elastic force ofthe steel clamps compensates forshrink, flow, contraction or twisting.Several simulations indicated that at anambient temperature of 70 °C, thehousing temperature acceptable forstandard PC ABS reaches 93 °C.These results were confirmed throughmeasurements of A-class samples.Figure 5:If, however,connectorand LED areorthogonal, usinga single board ismore difficult. Acustomized SMDpart could do thetrickFrom Car to PCBAdditional cost savings are possible byconnecting the vehicle-side contactsdirectly on the printed circuit board. AsSMD parts they may be assembled onthe pick-and-place line. By mountingthe connector pins, as required by theOEM, directly on the printed circuitboad, the number of cables can bereduced significantly as well as bothparts of the PCB connector.Alternatively, Pressfit contact pinsmay be used.In both cases, the connector pins areled outside through openings in thehousing during the final assembly. Theconnector flange then is part of theinjection-moulded housing. Formounting the pins on the printedcircuit board, Pressfit, SMD or THTtechnology may be used. While© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.Issue 27 2011

SPECIAL TOPICSHIGH BRIGHTNESS LEDS ON FR466Figure 6:Additional costsavings arepossible byconnecting thevehicle-sidecontacts directlyon the printedcircuit boardPressfit technology is the preferredway, it requires more coordinationeffort with the lamp designer as it isimperative being able to mount theprinted circuit board in a right angle tothe connector. Ideally, the directionsof LED light emission and theconnection are parallel. In that case,LEDs, drivers and OEM connectorsmay be assembled on a single PCB. Ifhowever connector and LED areorthogonal, using a single board ismore difficult. A customized SMD partcould do the trick.However, Pressfit is well known withinthe printed circuit boards industry. Asa connection, solid press-fittechnology offers a favourablealternative to soldering. In order togenerate a reliable press-fitconnection, the pin of the press-fitcomponent must have a slightlygreater surface area than the actualcontact area with the PCB’s platedthroughhole. Consequently, solidpress-fit technology is most notablysuitable for high-current applicationsand for the use under adverseenvironmental conditions. One of themain reasons is the excellent electriccharacteristics, especially for highcurrentapplications. There it isimportant to minimise voltage dropand heat generation. These values aredirectly proportional to the resistance,so the resistance also needs to bekept to a minimum. This resistance isminimised as the press-fit connectionhas a lower resistance value than thepin itself. For verifying the connection’squality, it is important to know howcurrent flows through the system ofpress-fit component, pin, barrel, andconductor track of the printed circuitboard. Due to the conductionbehaviour within a press-fit zone, it islogical to assume that the electricalconductivity of a press-fit zone is notaffected by deformation and residualthickness of copper, as long as theconnection of tracks to the platedthroughhole barrel remains intact.This well-established technology hasbeen transformed by Melecs to reduceproduction cost as much as possible.Using both described methods,unsophisticated ancillary lamps likedaytime running lights, indicators, foglamps, etc can be manufactured atvery low prices, maybe even below 10 €.Assembling LEDsAccuratelyStill challenging, is the assembling ofLEDs: Manufacturing LED productsrequires highly flexible and accuratemachinery and specific processknow-how. Cost-efficient production isa high priority, especially in theautomotive sector. As HB LEDs aregetting more efficient and brilliant, theirhandling during the SMT assemblyprocess is quite tricky. As theybecome tinier with each generation,the surface of the optical lensbecomes extremely delicate.Special attention is needed in thePick-and-Place section: Nowadays,Pick-and-Place takes over morefunctions. With changes in software,nozzles, drive systems, feeders andother elements, pick-and-placesystems can place bare die or LEDs,perform high-speed IC shooterfunctions, handle large connectors andother oddforms, etc.. However, nozzlesand the right intake pressure arecrucial to accurately and consistentlyplace LEDs preventing any damage.The right choice of the nozzle avoidsplacing mechanical stress on the LEDlens by not touching the opticalsurface during component picking orplacement processes. This reducesthe possibility of degraded LEDperformance after the circuit board isassembled.ConclusionEspecially in the cost-sensitive andsafety-centered automotive business,a cheaper and equally reliablealternative to high-end PCBtechnologies could pave the road tosuccess. FR4 has been around fordecades and test results indicate thatit shows a good performance with highbrightness LEDs. An additional copperlayer allows for at least acceptablethermal properties at and unbeatablecost. Thus, FR4 with a copper bottomhas the potential to replace insulatedmetal substrates at least in notlife-critical systems.Issue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

The leading LED tradeevent for networking withthe top industry elite & keygovernment representativesin South China8th China International Exhibitionand Forum on Solid State LightingNovember 8~10, 2011 Guangzhou Baiyun International Convention Center, ChinaORGANIZER:China Solid STaTE liGhTinG ProJECTCoordinaTion & STEErinG GrouPGuanGdonG ProvinCE dEPT. of SCiEnCEand TEChnoloGyGuanGZhou MuniCiPaliTy PEoPlE'SGovErnMEnTChina illuMinaTinG EnGinEErinG SoCiETy (CiES)oPlE'S GovErnMEnT, China illuMinaTinGEnGinEErinG SoCiETy (CiES)China aSSoCiaTion of liGhTinG induSTry (Cali)China Solid STaTE liGhTinG allianCE (CSa)UNDERTAKER:China Solid STaTE liGhTinG allianCE (CSa)GuanGZhou MuniCiPaliTy BurEau of SCiEnCE, TEChnoloGy & infor-MaTionrEEd ExhiBiTionSBEiJinG Solid STaTE liGhTinG SCiEnCE & TEChnoloGy ProMoTionCEnTErwww.sslchina.org For the Exhibition Sarah Geng, Tel: +86 21 5153 5172, sarah.geng@reedexpo.com.cn For Media Elaine Zeng, Tel: +86 21 5153 5120,elaine.zeng@reedexpo.com.cn For the Forum Jiangjie Chang, Tel: +86 10 5172 7115, Chinassl.forum@gmail.com

68ImprintLED professional Review (LpR)ISSN 1993-890XPublisherLuger Research e.U.Institute for Innovation & Technologydep. LED professionalFaerbergasse 15, Haus RotA 6850 Dornbirn, Austria / Europephone +43 5572 394 489fax +43 5572 394 489 90editors@led-professional.comwww.led-professional.comPublishing EditorsSiegfried LugerArno Grabher-MeyerInt. Account ManagerTheresa Koenigphone +43 5572 394 489phone +43 5572 394 489-18editors@led-professional.comphone +43 5572 394 489-20theresa.koenig@led-professional.comLED professional Review(LpR) - Annual SubscriptionsFront-page pictureImage: Arno Grabher-Meyer, LED professional, Pininfarina OLED-Street LightArtwork: Thomas Klobassa, ©LED professional 2011Copyrights – Luger Research e.U.The editors make every reasonable effort to verify the information published,but Luger Research e.U. assumes no responsibility for the validity of anymanufacturers, non profit organisations or individuals claims or statements.Luger Research e.U. does not assume and hereby disclaims any liability to anyperson for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions in the materialcontained herein, regardless of whether such errors result from negligence, accidentor any other cause whatsoever. You may not copy, reproduce, republish,download, post, broadcast, transmit, make available to the public, or otherwiseuse LED professional Review (LpR) content without prior written consent fromLuger Research e.U. – Institute for Innovation & Technology, Austria.LpR Digital Magazine• 6 issues• pdf download• high resolution pictures and graphs• printable• commercial use• access to all previous issues• Euro 78.80http://www.led-professional.com/subscriptionLpR Printed Magazine• 6 issues• Euro 158.40Next LpR Issue - Nov/Dec 2011LpS Review, LED Optics, Light GenerationIssue 27 2011© 2011 LUGER RESEARCH e.U.

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