Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) is thought to have become extinct some10,000 to 20,000 years ago.Table I. EVOLUTION OF THE PROBOSCIDSERA PERIOD MAJOR DIVISION ELEPHANT EVOLUTIONElephasCAINOZOICQUATERNARYTERTIARYHOLOCENE (recent)10,000 yrs since startPLEISTOCENE1 mill. yrs. since startPLIOCENE13 mill. yrs. since startMIOCENE27 mill. yrs. since startOLIGOCENE37 mill. yrs. since startLoxodontaMammuthus (?)Elephantids (Eur, As, N.A.)Mastodontids (N.A.)Dinotheres (Eur, As, Af)Stegodontids (Eur, As)Elephantidae arose. Primelephas (mostprimitive from which others may haveevolved), Loxodonta, Elephas andMammuthus.Dinotheres (Eur, As, Af)Mastodontids (Eur, As, N.A)Stegodontids (As)Dinotheres (Eur, As,Af),Mastodontids (Eur, As, Af, N.A.)Stegodontids (As)Moeritherium , Phiomia ,PalaeomastodonMastodontidsEOCENE52 mill. yrs. since startEarliest proboscidean genusMoeritherium (Gomphotheriidae) inEgypt11
Page 1 and 2: ManagmentGuidelinesfor theWelfare o
Page 3 and 4: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINESFOR THE WELFAR
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsManagement Guideli
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 The Purp
Page 9 and 10: 5. Elephants are large and intellig
Page 11: Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATAA:
Page 16 and 17: half the shoulder height distance (
Page 18 and 19: B: FIELD DATA2.5 Zoogeography / Eco
Page 20 and 21: LoxodontaThe range of the African e
Page 22 and 23: The most critical problems facing e
Page 24 and 25: small family units comprising too m
Page 26 and 27: (http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/afe
Page 28 and 29: day. If water is short elephants ma
Page 30 and 31: ACTIVITYElephants spend about 16 ho
Page 32 and 33: vocalisation when in oestrus (Poole
Page 34 and 35: Seismic waveforms from vocalisation
Page 36 and 37: most of the animals have been wild
Page 38 and 39: fitness and a sense of well-being a
Page 40 and 41: 3.3.1 Social StructureElephants are
Page 42 and 43: when his residency within the herd
Page 44 and 45: calves as required. For example, se
Page 46 and 47: accommodate the needs of all the el
Page 48 and 49: elephant can clamber out of a moat
Page 50 and 51: 3.4.2 Captive Elephant Diet SurveyI
Page 52 and 53: Elephants MUST be provided with app
Page 54 and 55: we can conclude that all the diets
Page 56 and 57: product based on this compound 1 .
Page 58 and 59: administered intravenously to the c
Page 60 and 61: impoverished environments and requi
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aboons actually climb on the backs
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counties would be considered by the
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• The intercalving interval shoul
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can also be used to confirm pregnan
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VaginaTestesSeminal vesicleProstate
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Older cows may prefer older bulls,
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Table VI. GESTATION DATA ON ASIAN F
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year, compared with a population in
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3.7.2 African ElephantNORTH AMERICA
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that in North America. However, as
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• Once an animal has attacked a k
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3.8.2 Elephant Management SystemsBA
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ehaviour by dividing it into small
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the following day. It is not constr
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• inserting any implement into an
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all commands given. If the elephant
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ecomes a familiar and reinforcing o
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and education. However, these range
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Fig. 12b & c. An Elephant Restraint
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• Allegations of elephant abuse,
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• A review of each staff member s
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through preferred training regimes
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• Needless or over use of the hoo
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3.13 Standard Operating Procedure:
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and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the l
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WinchesThe Woburn elephant transpor
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than 20mls should be injected at an
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Electrocardiography (ECG) can be pe
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• Loss of weight/reduction in wei
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weakness, anorexia, ventral oedema
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Some interesting suggestion emerge
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• Biting flies.• Coccidia.• E
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Submandibular and ventral oedema ca
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onset is sudden; symptoms include l
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Zoos and Aquariums 2005b) should be
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Along with these, our approach to e
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eradicate the historical baggage of
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Section 4: AcknowledgementsThe prod
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Section 5:References/Bibliographyva
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Brockett, R.C., Stoinski, T.S., Bla
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Dastig, B. 2002. Births and reprodu
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Estes, R.D. 1991. The Behaviour Gui
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Haight, J. 1994. Reverse perspectiv
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Hoedemaker, M.J. 2001. The housing
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Kurt, F. & Hartl, G.B. 1995. Asian
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Meihering, A. 1984. Dystocial and s
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O'Connell-Rodwell, C.E., Arnason, B
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Poole, J.H., Kasman, L.H., Ramsay,
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Roocroft, A. & Zoll, D.A. 1994. Man
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Schwammer, H. 2000. Aspects of elep
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Todd, T.W. 1913. Notes on the respi
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Wisser, J., Pilaski, J., Strauss, G
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it is best for the trainer to alter
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Operant Conditioning: a type of lea
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pushing the trainer is responded to
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command is also taught on the back
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172Fig. 8. Calf being washed in the
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174
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• Risk to keepers handling elepha
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Zoo WalksPublicEncountersYYRidingNT
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Introduction to the Elephants will
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6.6 Appendix 6: Elephant Nutrition6
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AnimalNameItem 1 2 3 4e.g. Maya Ban
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Collection Name Sex Age BodyWeightA
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Common Name Scientific Name Occurre
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Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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African Female Elephants - Weight50
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY(Please continue
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc?8 How often has general anaesth
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FEMALE ELEPHANTPlease photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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