Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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LoxodontaThe range of the African elephant has also been reduced and fragmented.Formally the genus occurred over most of the continent apart from the driestregions of the Sahara. Fig. 3 shows the present distribution. Table IV is takenfrom the African Elephant Database (Barnes et al 1999) and shows the definiteand additional estimated numbers in each country – giving a maximumpossible population of just over 500,000 animals 1 . Of these it is thought thatsome 350,000 may be bush or savannah elephants and 150,000 forest elephants(Barrett et al 2001). However the monitoring of forest elephant populations isdifficult and incomplete (Walsh and White 1999) (and see Section 2.6 oncensusing).Fig.3 . Current Distribution of the African Elephant.1 the latest edition, 2002 has an estimated total population of 402 thousand animals, seehttp://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/afesg/aed/aesr2002.html18
Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERSREGION COUNTRY NUMBER OF ELEPHANTSSOUTHERNAFRICACENTRALAFRICAEASTERNAFRICADEFINITE PROBABLE POSSIBLE SPECULATIVE TOTALAngola 0 0 0 170 170Botswana 76,644 13,414 13,414 0 103,472Malawi 647 1,569 1,649 20 3,885Mozambique 6,898 1,946 4,496 0 13,340Namibia 6,263 1,421 1,421 0 9,105South Africa 11,905 0 0 0 11,905Swaziland 39 0 0 0 39Zambia 15,873 6,179 6,964 0 29,016Zimbabwe 63,070 8,034 10,185 0 81,289TOTAL 181,339 32,563 38,129 190 252,221Cameroon 1,071 5,285 8,704 675 15,735Central African Republic 2,515 1,600 6,605 8,000 18,720Chad 0 0 1,600 300 1,900Congo 0 0 0 0 0Democratic Republic of 3,736 20,219 5,618 120 29,693CongoEquatorial Guinea 0 0 0 80 80Gabon 0 0 7,500 54,294 61,794TOTAL 7,322 27,104 30,027 63,469 127,922Eritrea 2 0 0 0 2Ethiopia 321 0 0 985 1306Kenya 14,364 11,350 4,882 100 30,696Rwanda 39 0 20 10 69Somalia 0 0 130 120 250Sudan 0 0 0 0 0Tanzania 67,416 12,196 12,078 0 91,690Uganda 215 565 1,662 280 2,722TOTAL 82,357 24,111 18,772 1,495 126,735WEST AFRICA Benin 0 0 400 0 400Burkina Faso 1,616 606 1,486 0 3,708Ghana 476 218 1,185 443 2,322Guinea 0 0 108 140 248Guinea Bissau 0 0 0 35 35Ivory Coast 51 0 495 645 1191Liberia 0 0 0 1,783 1,783Mali 0 0 950 50 1000Niger 0 0 817 100 917Nigeria 157 0 860 236 1253Senegal 9 0 11 10 30Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0Togo 0 0 96 0 96TOTAL 2,309 824 6,408 3,442 12,983TOTAL CONTINENTAL 273,327 84,602 93,336 68,596 519,861ESTIMATES19
Page 1 and 2: ManagmentGuidelinesfor theWelfare o
Page 3 and 4: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINESFOR THE WELFAR
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsManagement Guideli
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 The Purp
Page 9 and 10: 5. Elephants are large and intellig
Page 11: Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATAA:
Page 14: 2.2 MorphologyTable II. MORPHOLOGIC
Page 17 and 18: Features of the elephant’s reprod
Page 19: Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
Page 23 and 24: populations using this method; the
Page 25 and 26: obtained from the wildlife resource
Page 27 and 28: and bots. For a comprehensive list
Page 29 and 30: condition and increase the likeliho
Page 31 and 32: animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
Page 33 and 34: COMMUNICATIONElephants, being large
Page 35 and 36: Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY3
Page 37 and 38: to North America in 1796 and the fi
Page 39 and 40: and a lack of foraging opportunitie
Page 41 and 42: protected contact until a full revi
Page 43 and 44: enrichment and access to food (see
Page 45 and 46: Adequate food storage areas MUST be
Page 47 and 48: Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
Page 49 and 50: Most facilities in the British Isle
Page 51 and 52: Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
Page 53 and 54: prevent obesity and associated heal
Page 55 and 56: than the average zinc content of th
Page 57 and 58: RECOMMENDATIONSBased on (Ullrey et
Page 59 and 60: Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
Page 61 and 62: • Control/predictability. Ideally
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
Page 65 and 66: institutions MUST exchange keepers
Page 67 and 68: Reproductive Biology Department at
Page 69 and 70: eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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Fig. 10. Elephant births in Europea
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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• An opportunity to evaluate the
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cdFig. 11. Elephants in protected c
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephantsWhen
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
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Storage: when not carried by an aut
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• Current equipment should be ass
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FirearmsWhen elephants are being mo
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• Alpha-2-agonists• Xylazine is
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Pre-shipment ScreeningPrior to tran
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observation for an hour after vacci
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Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
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measure of improvement in early cas
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metritis have all been described (M
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Fractures and longitudinal splits.
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management in zoos, their conservat
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After 1 the publication of the firs
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Some of the more unfortunate events
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• Is a further SOP required?• A
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Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
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Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
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Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
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Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
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Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
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Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
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Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
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Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
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Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
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Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
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Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
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Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
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Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
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Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
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Section 6: Appendices6.1 Appendix 1
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Trunk (up)Trunk downTurn- curl trun
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6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
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this time be used to the sight and
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These commands allow routine good h
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6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
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6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1T
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6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles6.
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6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1A g
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March 2003Example from Woburn Safar
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(a.)Please indicate (tick) the type
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6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
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6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
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Table 1 Selected vitamin E suppleme
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6.7 Appendix 7: Elephant Survey Res
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more acceptable to changes within a
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and Port Lympne (total of 4). All e
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Summary for outdoor: All collection
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Musth period and durationEight male
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eing fed or when waiting to come in
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6.8 Appendix 8: Elephant TAG Survey
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If ‘Yes’ under what circumstanc
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MALE ELEPHANTPlease photocopy as ne
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If ‘Yes’, approximate number of
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14 Any particular circumstances whe
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6.9 Appendix 9: Appendix Research P
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disadvantages include the negative
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