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© British & Irish Association of Zoos & Aquariums 2006All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recordingor any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing fromthe publisher.Management Guidelines for the Welfare of Zoo AnimalsElephants Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximusSecond editionCompiled by Miranda F Stevenson and Olivia WalterFirst published 2002Published and printed by the British & Irish Association of Zoos & Aquariums,Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, United KingdomISSN 0963 - 1712
MANAGEMENT GUIDELINESFOR THE WELFARE OF ZOOANIMALSElephants2 nd EDITIONIncorporating BIAZA’s Policy Statementand Policy Document on the Managementof ElephantsBritish and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Page 1: ManagmentGuidelinesfor theWelfare o
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsManagement Guideli
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 The Purp
Page 9 and 10: 5. Elephants are large and intellig
Page 11: Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATAA:
Page 14: 2.2 MorphologyTable II. MORPHOLOGIC
Page 17 and 18: Features of the elephant’s reprod
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
Page 21 and 22: Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERSR
Page 23 and 24: populations using this method; the
Page 25 and 26: obtained from the wildlife resource
Page 27 and 28: and bots. For a comprehensive list
Page 29 and 30: condition and increase the likeliho
Page 31 and 32: animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
Page 33 and 34: COMMUNICATIONElephants, being large
Page 35 and 36: Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY3
Page 37 and 38: to North America in 1796 and the fi
Page 39 and 40: and a lack of foraging opportunitie
Page 41 and 42: protected contact until a full revi
Page 43 and 44: enrichment and access to food (see
Page 45 and 46: Adequate food storage areas MUST be
Page 47 and 48: Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
Page 49 and 50: Most facilities in the British Isle
Page 51 and 52: Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
Page 53 and 54:
prevent obesity and associated heal
Page 55 and 56:
than the average zinc content of th
Page 57 and 58:
RECOMMENDATIONSBased on (Ullrey et
Page 59 and 60:
Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
Page 61 and 62:
• Control/predictability. Ideally
Page 63 and 64:
Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
Page 65 and 66:
institutions MUST exchange keepers
Page 67 and 68:
Reproductive Biology Department at
Page 69 and 70:
eadily available and the results ta
Page 71 and 72:
• Ultrasound examination and iden
Page 73 and 74:
within an individual, thus a partic
Page 75 and 76:
130 kg, the last having a survival
Page 77 and 78:
The goal should be to give cows exp
Page 79 and 80:
Fig. 10. Elephant births in Europea
Page 81 and 82:
Mason report are never used. Method
Page 83 and 84:
incidents as appropriate. To facili
Page 85 and 86:
einforcer. Classical conditioning t
Page 87 and 88:
process. More than one handler may
Page 89 and 90:
• An opportunity to evaluate the
Page 91 and 92:
cdFig. 11. Elephants in protected c
Page 93 and 94:
or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98:
the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100:
Training captive born elephantsWhen
Page 101 and 102:
processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104:
There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106:
3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108:
Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110:
Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112:
• Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114:
FirearmsWhen elephants are being mo
Page 115 and 116:
• Alpha-2-agonists• Xylazine is
Page 117 and 118:
Pre-shipment ScreeningPrior to tran
Page 119 and 120:
observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122:
Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124:
measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126:
metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128:
Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130:
management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132:
After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134:
Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136:
• Is a further SOP required?• A
Page 137 and 138:
Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140:
Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142:
Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144:
Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146:
Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148:
Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150:
Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152:
Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154:
Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156:
Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158:
Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160:
Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162:
Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164:
Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166:
Section 6: Appendices6.1 Appendix 1
Page 167 and 168:
Trunk (up)Trunk downTurn- curl trun
Page 169 and 170:
6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172:
this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174:
These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176:
6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178:
6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1T
Page 179 and 180:
6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles6.
Page 181 and 182:
6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1A g
Page 183 and 184:
March 2003Example from Woburn Safar
Page 185 and 186:
(a.)Please indicate (tick) the type
Page 187 and 188:
6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190:
6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 192 and 193:
Table 1 Selected vitamin E suppleme
Page 194 and 195:
6.7 Appendix 7: Elephant Survey Res
Page 196 and 197:
more acceptable to changes within a
Page 198 and 199:
and Port Lympne (total of 4). All e
Page 200 and 201:
Summary for outdoor: All collection
Page 202 and 203:
Musth period and durationEight male
Page 204 and 205:
eing fed or when waiting to come in
Page 206 and 207:
6.8 Appendix 8: Elephant TAG Survey
Page 208 and 209:
If ‘Yes’ under what circumstanc
Page 210 and 211:
MALE ELEPHANTPlease photocopy as ne
Page 212 and 213:
If ‘Yes’, approximate number of
Page 214 and 215:
14 Any particular circumstances whe
Page 216 and 217:
6.9 Appendix 9: Appendix Research P
Page 218 and 219:
disadvantages include the negative
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