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Management Guidelines for the Welfare of ElephantsDocument compiled by Miranda F Stevenson and Olivia Walterfor the British and Irish Association of Zoos andAquariums www.biaza.org.uk2 nd Edition March 2006ii
Table of ContentsManagement Guidelines for the Welfare of Elephants ........................iiTable of Contents ....................................................................................iiiSECTION 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................v1.1 The Purpose of the Document ..............................................................v1.2 Additional Reasons for Management Guidelines ..............................vi1.3 BIAZA’s Elephant Policy Statement ....................................................viiSection 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA..................................................9A: BIOLOGY.............................................................................................92.1 Taxonomy.................................................................................................92.2 Morphology..............................................................................................122.3 Physiology ................................................................................................142.4 Longevity..................................................................................................15B: FIELD DATA........................................................................................162.5 Zoogeography / Ecology .......................................................................162.6 Conservation and Protection .................................................................202.7 Diet and Feeding Behaviour ..................................................................252.8 Reproduction............................................................................................262.9 Behaviour and Social Organisation ......................................................27Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY...............................................333.1 Elephants and Man..................................................................................333.2 General Guidance on Health and Welfare in Captivity.....................353.3 The Captive Environment ......................................................................373.4 Feeding and Nutrition ............................................................................463.5 Elephant Behaviour and Captivity .......................................................563.6 Breeding in Zoos......................................................................................613.7 Population Management ........................................................................753.8 Elephant Handling and Training ..........................................................783.9 Standard Operating Procedure: Staff Training ..................................973.10 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of Chains or Shackles onElephants .................................................................................................1003.11 Standard Operating Procedure: Voice Control................................1023.12 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of the Ankus or Hook onElephants .................................................................................................1033.13 Standard Operating Procedure: Use of the Electric Goad or Hotshoton Elephants............................................................................................106iii
Page 1 and 2: ManagmentGuidelinesfor theWelfare o
Page 3: MANAGEMENT GUIDELINESFOR THE WELFAR
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 The Purp
Page 9 and 10: 5. Elephants are large and intellig
Page 11: Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATAA:
Page 14: 2.2 MorphologyTable II. MORPHOLOGIC
Page 17 and 18: Features of the elephant’s reprod
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
Page 21 and 22: Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERSR
Page 23 and 24: populations using this method; the
Page 25 and 26: obtained from the wildlife resource
Page 27 and 28: and bots. For a comprehensive list
Page 29 and 30: condition and increase the likeliho
Page 31 and 32: animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
Page 33 and 34: COMMUNICATIONElephants, being large
Page 35 and 36: Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY3
Page 37 and 38: to North America in 1796 and the fi
Page 39 and 40: and a lack of foraging opportunitie
Page 41 and 42: protected contact until a full revi
Page 43 and 44: enrichment and access to food (see
Page 45 and 46: Adequate food storage areas MUST be
Page 47 and 48: Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
Page 49 and 50: Most facilities in the British Isle
Page 51 and 52: Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
Page 53 and 54: prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONSBased on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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• Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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Fig. 10. Elephant births in Europea
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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• An opportunity to evaluate the
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cdFig. 11. Elephants in protected c
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephantsWhen
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
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Storage: when not carried by an aut
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• Current equipment should be ass
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FirearmsWhen elephants are being mo
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• Alpha-2-agonists• Xylazine is
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Pre-shipment ScreeningPrior to tran
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observation for an hour after vacci
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Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
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measure of improvement in early cas
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metritis have all been described (M
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Fractures and longitudinal splits.
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management in zoos, their conservat
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After 1 the publication of the firs
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Some of the more unfortunate events
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• Is a further SOP required?• A
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Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
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Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
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Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
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Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
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Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
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Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
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Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
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Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
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Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
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Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
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Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
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Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
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Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
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Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
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Section 6: Appendices6.1 Appendix 1
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Trunk (up)Trunk downTurn- curl trun
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6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
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this time be used to the sight and
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These commands allow routine good h
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6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
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6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1T
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6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles6.
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6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1A g
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March 2003Example from Woburn Safar
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(a.)Please indicate (tick) the type
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6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
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6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
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Table 1 Selected vitamin E suppleme
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6.7 Appendix 7: Elephant Survey Res
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more acceptable to changes within a
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and Port Lympne (total of 4). All e
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Summary for outdoor: All collection
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Musth period and durationEight male
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eing fed or when waiting to come in
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6.8 Appendix 8: Elephant TAG Survey
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If ‘Yes’ under what circumstanc
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MALE ELEPHANTPlease photocopy as ne
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If ‘Yes’, approximate number of
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14 Any particular circumstances whe
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6.9 Appendix 9: Appendix Research P
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disadvantages include the negative
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Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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