Waste Indicators

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1 Waste indicators - trial runPart of the project involved a trial run of the indicators, which were calculatedfor three selected material fractions, namely paper and cardboard, glasspackaging and aluminium. The purpose of this trial run was not to present afinal, complete result of the indicators. The calculations should therefore beconsidered as examples that illustrate how the indicators can be used andpresented. The indicators calculated for the three fractions will inevitably haveto be updated, in the event that indicators are calculated for the entire field ofwaste management. In this chapter results of calculations are summarised. InChapter 5 and Appendix D all results as well as the calculation basis arepresented. Appendix D has not been translated.The indicators are based on life-cycle considerations, which implies thatresource consumption and environmental effects are included from theextraction of raw materials to waste disposal. As principle all input and outputflows are included in the calculation. But when practising the impactassessment it will be necessary to leave out some input and output due to lackof data. It will therefore be urgent to mention this by presentation of theresults.In the calculations, it is assumed that new materials are to be produced tosubstitute all waste materials that are discarded. If material is disposed of bylandfilling, resources and energy will be required for the production of newmaterial. Waste will also be generated during the extraction and processing ofnew material. If material is recycled instead of being landfilled, less newmaterial will have to be produced. Similarly, some energy can be recoveredfrom waste material with a calorific value.The calculation of indicators is based on a series of assumptions and are alsosubject to a certain degree of uncertainty. The results are therefore not suitedfor presentation to a wide audience, but can form part of the basis for makingdecisions, with the aim of prioritising efforts to optimise waste management.This includes both an assessment of which waste fractions have the greatestresource consumption and environmental impacts and which treatmentoptions are the most appropriate for each waste fraction. Indicators can thussupplement the existing information on individual waste quantities for wastefractions, sources and treatment options, thereby making it possible toprioritise efforts to minimise the resources consumed and environmentalimpacts of waste management, as well as efforts to avoid treatment optionsthat increase the total landfill requirements throughout the life-cycle of a givenmaterial.1.1 Preliminary calculations of waste indicatorsThe aim of testing the indicators for a few selected material fractions was toinvestigate how easy it is to obtain the necessary data and assess the timerequired to complete the calculations. It has also been possible to try outdifferent ways of presenting the results, and two different presentationmethods are suggested.10
Both presentation methods (referred to as Models A and B) are based onsimilar calculation parameters describing the life-cycles of the materials, butdiffer in terms of the need for precise quantitative data for individual materialfractions. Data requirements are crucial for assessing the scope of workinvolved in calculating indicators for entire waste management systems.LCA-based parameters for resource consumption, energy consumption andlandfill requirement must be determined for each treatment option for theindividual waste fractions. The methods and principles are described in theproject. Figure 1.1 is an example of the parameters calculated for glasspackaging showing resource consumption for the relevant waste treatmentoptions. Similar profiles for resource consumption, energy consumption andlandfill requirements are presented in the project for paper, glass andaluminium.Figure 1.1 Net total resource consumption associated with the treatment of 1tonne of glass and the production of substitute material required fordifferent waste treatment optionsIncinerationWash and reuseEnergy-generatingmaterialsOther raw materialsRemeltingLandfill0 2 4 6 8 10 12mPR WDK1990The units are milli person-reserves mPR. PR WDK1990 is the unit for resource consumption,expressed by weighting relative to the person-reserves estimated for World/Denmark(WDK) in 1990. (See Glossary)In the first presentation model (A), the parameters mentioned above for eachwaste fraction and treatment option are multiplied by the total quantity ofeach waste fraction treated by each treatment option. For example, thequantity of glass packaging, in tonnes, that is incinerated at a waste-to-energyplant is multiplied by 9.7 mPR per tonne (see Figure 1.1). The results foreach of the four treatment options are summed up and represent the indicatorvalue for resource loss for managing waste glass. The results for the threeindicators and materials are shown in Figure 1.2.Model A represents the amount of virgin resources that are required for agiven material to regain its original value after the material has been used andmanaged as waste. In Model A, all losses of utility value that occur during thelife-cycle of a product are attributed to waste management, i.e. allocation ofresources and environmental impacts to the different phases in a product’slife-cycle does not occur (see Glossary). This is acceptable since the aim is tocompare different waste treatment options and not to give an absoluterepresentation of the environmental impacts of waste management.Model B calculates the resource and environmental advantages that areassociated with recycling waste and recovering materials or energy as opposed11
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Project No. 809 2003M
Page 3 and 4: Indhold1 WASTE INDICATORS - TRIAL R
Page 6: PrefaceThe project on “Developmen
Page 9: Model B can be carried out initiall
Page 13 and 14: The significance of the potential s
Page 16 and 17: 2 From waste quantities toenvironme
Page 18 and 19: a number of materials in the so-cal
Page 20 and 21: 2.2.1 Environment and resource indi
Page 22 and 23: that if any material is removed fro
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.4 Which indicators are relevant
Page 26 and 27: 3 Screening of environment andresou
Page 28 and 29: Table 3.1 Differences in environmen
Page 30 and 31: 4 Calculation method andassumptions
Page 32 and 33: Calculations are based on data from
Page 34 and 35: Table 4.3 Calculated factors (norma
Page 36 and 37: have taken place in the area. Calcu
Page 38 and 39: 5 Results of calculationsThe calcul
Page 40 and 41: Total resource consumption associat
Page 42 and 43: Figure 5.4Total primary energy cons
Page 44 and 45: Figure 5.7Total landfill requiremen
Page 46 and 47: Figure 5.10Consumption of resources
Page 48 and 49: 5.4 Indicators with focus on saving
Page 50 and 51: In relation to current recycling th
Page 52 and 53: Figure 5.14Realised savings from cu
Page 54: Figure 5.18Realised resource saving
Page 57 and 58: need updating before being applicab
Page 59 and 60: Table 6.1Total time required for st
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One of the points is that focus is
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Model B will be suitable for meetin
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perspective cf. statistics /36/. Th
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9 ReferencesThe list of references
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(31) Sewage sludge from municipal a
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Appendix A1.12.2 Environment and re
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Appendix A1 Waste fractions and env
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Appendix AFor recycling, the ISAG s
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tion*) All resource consumption and
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Appendix AEnergy-derived environmen
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Appendix ABoth upon incineration an
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Appendix ArecoveryLandfillingDecomp
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Appendix A1.6.2 Environment and res
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Appendix ATable 1.17: Significant e
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Appendix ARecycling of rubber as a
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Appendix A1.9.3 Data basisTable 1.2
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Appendix AIn so-called selective de
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Appendix Anecessary there is a long
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Appendix A1.14 Other recyclables1.1
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Appendix A”Domestic waste from pr
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Appendix AUpon incineration of slud
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Appendix A1.20.2 Environment and re
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Appendix A1.23 Electrical equipment
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Appendix BTime consumption forcompr
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Appendix B2.1 Review of material fr
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• Iron and steel (excl. stainless
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Appendix Bthat statistics cover qua
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Appendix BIt is estimated that ther
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Appendix BTable 2.1:Data sources fo
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Appendix CAssumptions for calculati
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Appendix CSo the only possibility l
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Appendix CThe EDIP project uses a l
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Appendix CThis method will often un
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Appendix C2) In the EDIP database t
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Appendix Chas supplied in connectio
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Appendix C1998, which has been used
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Appendix CThus, slag is primarily r
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