Waste Indicators

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2 From waste quantities toenvironmental impactsIn this chapter, the general idea of developing indicators in the field of wastemanagement is described. Furthermore, the difference between indicators forenvironmental impacts and existing quantitative waste statistics is discussed.2.1 Present indicators for waste managementIndicators applied today to follow developments in waste and recycling inDenmark are merely quantitative statements of total waste quantities brokendown on treatment and disposal options.For each waste category the following indicators are used:• Total waste quantities – in some cases stated per capita• Disposal pattern distributed on special treatment, recycling, incinerationand landfilling – in some cases stated in per cent.The basis for development of these indicators is the present wastemanagement strategy – called the waste hierarchy – ranging the differenttreatment and disposal options as follows: Waste prevention > recycling >incineration > landfilling. Indicators are simple, indisputable and may be usedunambiguously to illustrate compliance with political objectives. However,objectives are formulated more with respect to reducing waste generationrather than with the direct aim of reducing energy, resource andenvironmental impacts from waste management.It should be noted that whereas disposal patterns depend on politicalmeasures within the waste management field, waste prevention rather dependson measures in relation to manufacture and consumption of products.However, consumption is beyond the scope of this project, which focuses ondisposal by incineration or landfilling or on reuse/recycling of waste.2.1.1 Existing statistics on wasteFigure 2.1 is reproduced from Waste Statistics 1998. It compares total wastequantities and treatment with objectives for year 2004 in the DanishGovernment’s Waste Management Plan.16
Figure 2.1 From "Waste Statistics 1998" /40/Figure 2. Treatment of waste in Denmark 1995-98 and target for year 200414,00012,00010,0008,0006,00017 %20 %20 %19 %16 %20 %15 %22 %12 %24 %Special treatmentLandfillingIncinerationRecycling4,00061 %60 %63 %62 %64 %2,00001995 1996 1997 1998 Target 2004Target 2004: Target for year 2004 in the Danish Government’s Waste Management Plan/37/.General waste indicators are determined today by aggregating all wastecategories on the basis of quantities. In aggregated indicators (as in Figure2.1) garden waste quantities, for example, have the same weight as scrapaluminium quantities, even if environmental impacts are very different.It is important to realise that new LCA-based indicators for waste areexpected to serve as a tool in particular for public authorities responsible forwaste management. Present statistics serve the same purpose, since planningof new initiatives for waste and recycling is based on, for example, existingknowledge of the extent of waste problems and present management.Planning of treatment capacity and financial optimisation of, for example,incineration, landfilling or reprocessing plants for recycling often requiresdetailed knowledge of waste streams. Also national initiatives to regulate wastequantities and treatment options require a statistical basis for mapping andanalysing development needs.The Danish Information System for Waste and Recycling – the ISAG – isbased on a statement of collected waste quantities in a number of categories inharmony with EU legislation and the so-called EWC codes for hazardouswaste. Waste treatment plants are responsible for registration and reporting tothe authorities. As ISAG registrations are well-established and the use ofEWC codes is relatively new in Denmark, ISAG statistics are in many waysmore accurate, even if – in principle – EWC codes give a more detailedpicture for hazardous waste.It is estimated in the project whether ISAG statistics can be used as the basisfor an indicator calculation. Once the use of EWC codes has gained moreground it may be relevant to include this registration in a future indicatorcalculation to the extent that hazardous waste is to be included.The ISAG system contains data for fractions subjected to separate wastetreatment, such as paper for recycling or domestic waste for incineration. Fora number of fractions, waste statistics may be related to and supplementedwith other statistics. For example, production and supply statistics may berelated to waste statistics, thus giving a picture of the destiny of goodsmanufactured in the fractions of waste statistics. So far this has been done for17
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Project No. 809 2003M
Page 3 and 4: Indhold1 WASTE INDICATORS - TRIAL R
Page 6: PrefaceThe project on “Developmen
Page 9 and 10: Model B can be carried out initiall
Page 11 and 12: Both presentation methods (referred
Page 13 and 14: The significance of the potential s
Page 18 and 19: a number of materials in the so-cal
Page 20 and 21: 2.2.1 Environment and resource indi
Page 22 and 23: that if any material is removed fro
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.4 Which indicators are relevant
Page 26 and 27: 3 Screening of environment andresou
Page 28 and 29: Table 3.1 Differences in environmen
Page 30 and 31: 4 Calculation method andassumptions
Page 32 and 33: Calculations are based on data from
Page 34 and 35: Table 4.3 Calculated factors (norma
Page 36 and 37: have taken place in the area. Calcu
Page 38 and 39: 5 Results of calculationsThe calcul
Page 40 and 41: Total resource consumption associat
Page 42 and 43: Figure 5.4Total primary energy cons
Page 44 and 45: Figure 5.7Total landfill requiremen
Page 46 and 47: Figure 5.10Consumption of resources
Page 48 and 49: 5.4 Indicators with focus on saving
Page 50 and 51: In relation to current recycling th
Page 52 and 53: Figure 5.14Realised savings from cu
Page 54: Figure 5.18Realised resource saving
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perspective cf. statistics /36/. Th
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9 ReferencesThe list of references
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(31) Sewage sludge from municipal a
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Appendix A1.12.2 Environment and re
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Appendix A1 Waste fractions and env
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Appendix AFor recycling, the ISAG s
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tion*) All resource consumption and
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Appendix AEnergy-derived environmen
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Appendix ABoth upon incineration an
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Appendix ArecoveryLandfillingDecomp
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Appendix A1.6.2 Environment and res
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Appendix ATable 1.17: Significant e
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Appendix ARecycling of rubber as a
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Appendix A1.9.3 Data basisTable 1.2
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Appendix AIn so-called selective de
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Appendix Anecessary there is a long
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Appendix A1.14 Other recyclables1.1
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Appendix A”Domestic waste from pr
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Appendix AUpon incineration of slud
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Appendix A1.20.2 Environment and re
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Appendix A1.23 Electrical equipment
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Appendix BTime consumption forcompr
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Appendix B2.1 Review of material fr
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• Iron and steel (excl. stainless
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Appendix Bthat statistics cover qua
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Appendix BIt is estimated that ther
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Appendix BTable 2.1:Data sources fo
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Appendix CAssumptions for calculati
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Appendix CSo the only possibility l
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Appendix CThe EDIP project uses a l
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Appendix CThis method will often un
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Appendix C2) In the EDIP database t
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Appendix Chas supplied in connectio
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Appendix C1998, which has been used
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Appendix CThus, slag is primarily r
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