Waste Indicators

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2.2.1 Environment and resource indicators in EDIPThe following indicators are included in the EDIP method at present:• Global warming• Acidification• Eutrophication• Stratospheric ozone depletion• Photochemical ozone formation• Acute ecotoxicity• Acute human toxicity• Persistent human and ecotoxicity• Working environment• Resource consumption• Bulky waste• Hazardous waste• Radioactive waste• Slag and ashSo far, sufficient analyses of environmental impacts from waste disposal in along-term perspective have not been conducted. Therefore, the EDIP projectuses the four above waste categories led to landfill as a kind of aggregatedindicator for environmental impacts from waste disposal.Waste quantities are stated in unit of weight and normalised in relation to totalDanish waste quantities in each waste category. To calculate emissions andthus environmental impacts from selected waste treatment and landfillingprocesses in Denmark, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency haslaunched a project on "LCA and landfilling of waste" /22/. Preliminary resultsof this work are that the working group recommends replacement of wastecategories with contribution to other impact categories, and two new impactcategories:• Toxic impacts in the first 100 years, included under the other impactcategories on toxicity,• "Landfilled toxicity", which is a new impact category stating toxicitypotential of landfilled waste in a long-term perspective,• “Landfill requirement”, to be replaced by land occupation once thiscategory has become operational. However, methods have not yet beendeveloped to work with land occupation under the EDIP method.However, exactly for waste disposal it would be relevant to have thisaspect included.2.2.2 Aggregation of environment and resource parameters in EDIPThe EDIP method only aggregates data in the grouping of the differentimpact categories as mentioned above (see Glossary). But to bring the size ofimpact categories to the same scale, for each impact category, furthermore, anormalisation is carried out in relation to global or regional emissions orconsumption per person (see Glossary). This means that all emissions orconsumption are expressed as person-equivalents (PE) in relation to presentconsumption and emission per person. Person-equivalents express how largea proportion of present consumption or emission may be attributed to theproduct or area under review.The EDIP method, in addition to normalisation, suggests how to weigh someimpact categories so as to make them more comparable – however without20
making a direct aggregation of the individual factors (see Glossary). However,in principle it will be possible to do so for environmental impacts and resourceconsumption respectively, which has also been done in several other contexts.Environment and health parameters: If a weighting is made of the many types ofenvironmental impacts, it is advantageous to distinguish between human andecotoxicological parameters and other parameters, the former being in generalvery uncertain and often lacking good data for statements.Resource consumption in the EDIP method is handled by relating consumptionof each resource to total global reserves of the resource in question. Adistinction is made between renewable and non-renewable resources.Renewable resources are weighted with 0, unless they are extracted to anextent that the accessible quantity is presently being reduced- - for example,the resource “groundwater” in Denmark the extraction of which in certainparts of the country is larger than its regeneration. Weighted resourceconsumption thus achieved may be aggregated to a collective indicator forresource consumption.Waste disposal by landfilling in the EDIP method is handled with the abovefour different waste categories led to landfill, as so far no statements have beenmade of release to the surroundings of pollution and resources for the entireperiod of landfilling. Waste to landfill is derived from all life-cycle phases; forexample, mining waste is also included in the four waste categories. However,accessible databases are often insufficient in this respect. Waste landfillingmay be aggregated according to the same principle as other environmentalEDIP parameters, i.e. it can be normalised and weighted with the politicalreduction objectives.Working environment, from experience, is difficult to handle, if the assessmentcomprises many different processes. In the ongoing project on furtherdevelopment of the EDIP, a preliminary report has been published,quantifying working environment impacts in a number of sectors, based onexisting statistics.However, waste treatment and recycling industries have not been statedseparately, partly because the sector is relatively new and small and thereforenot treated separately in overall statistics, and partly because systematicallycollected experience with working environment in the recycling industries isvery limited /19/. However, a number of studies of working environmentconditions in waste management have been launched, and thus it willprobably be possible to acquire relevant data at a later stage.2.3 New indicators in the field of waste managementIn Chapter 4 methods for calculation of new waste indicators are reviewed onthe basis of resource and environment issues associated with disposal of thedifferent waste fractions. Results will be presented in two basically differentways, based on the same calculation principles.2.3.1 Basic principle for indicator calculationThe calculation of life-cycle-based indicators for waste management is basedon the principle that society’s material consumption is constant or increasingin the period of time for which the calculation should be used. This means21
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Project No. 809 2003M
Page 3 and 4: Indhold1 WASTE INDICATORS - TRIAL R
Page 6: PrefaceThe project on “Developmen
Page 9 and 10: Model B can be carried out initiall
Page 11 and 12: Both presentation methods (referred
Page 13 and 14: The significance of the potential s
Page 16 and 17: 2 From waste quantities toenvironme
Page 18 and 19: a number of materials in the so-cal
Page 22 and 23: that if any material is removed fro
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.4 Which indicators are relevant
Page 26 and 27: 3 Screening of environment andresou
Page 28 and 29: Table 3.1 Differences in environmen
Page 30 and 31: 4 Calculation method andassumptions
Page 32 and 33: Calculations are based on data from
Page 34 and 35: Table 4.3 Calculated factors (norma
Page 36 and 37: have taken place in the area. Calcu
Page 38 and 39: 5 Results of calculationsThe calcul
Page 40 and 41: Total resource consumption associat
Page 42 and 43: Figure 5.4Total primary energy cons
Page 44 and 45: Figure 5.7Total landfill requiremen
Page 46 and 47: Figure 5.10Consumption of resources
Page 48 and 49: 5.4 Indicators with focus on saving
Page 50 and 51: In relation to current recycling th
Page 52 and 53: Figure 5.14Realised savings from cu
Page 54: Figure 5.18Realised resource saving
Page 57 and 58: need updating before being applicab
Page 59 and 60: Table 6.1Total time required for st
Page 61 and 62: One of the points is that focus is
Page 63 and 64: Model B will be suitable for meetin
Page 65 and 66: perspective cf. statistics /36/. Th
Page 68 and 69: 9 ReferencesThe list of references
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(31) Sewage sludge from municipal a
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Appendix A1.12.2 Environment and re
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Appendix A1 Waste fractions and env
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Appendix AFor recycling, the ISAG s
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tion*) All resource consumption and
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Appendix AEnergy-derived environmen
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Appendix ABoth upon incineration an
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Appendix ArecoveryLandfillingDecomp
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Appendix A1.6.2 Environment and res
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Appendix ATable 1.17: Significant e
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Appendix ARecycling of rubber as a
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Appendix A1.9.3 Data basisTable 1.2
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Appendix AIn so-called selective de
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Appendix Anecessary there is a long
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Appendix A1.14 Other recyclables1.1
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Appendix A”Domestic waste from pr
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Appendix AUpon incineration of slud
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Appendix A1.20.2 Environment and re
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Appendix A1.23 Electrical equipment
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Appendix BTime consumption forcompr
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Appendix B2.1 Review of material fr
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• Iron and steel (excl. stainless
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Appendix Bthat statistics cover qua
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Appendix BIt is estimated that ther
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Appendix BTable 2.1:Data sources fo
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Appendix CAssumptions for calculati
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Appendix CSo the only possibility l
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Appendix CThe EDIP project uses a l
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Appendix CThis method will often un
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Appendix C2) In the EDIP database t
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Appendix Chas supplied in connectio
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Appendix C1998, which has been used
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Appendix CThus, slag is primarily r
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