Waste Indicators

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4 Calculation method andassumptionsIn this chapter the general assumptions for the calculation method for theindicators, resources, energy and landfill requirement are presented. Inaddition, data for the relevant treatment options for paper, glass andaluminium, serving as calculation examples, are reviewed. In Appendix Cconcrete data and assumptions for the indicator calculations are reviewed inmore detail for each of the three examples.4.1 Calculation method and assumptions for indicatorsIn the calculation of indicator values, waste quantities for the individualfraction and treatment option are multiplied by the related LCA impactfactor. This is done for each of the three indicators.The starting point for indicator calculations is quantitative data and indicatorfactors, both structured as in the below Table 4.1. The contents in each cell inthe table with quantitative data (Table 5.1) are multiplied by thecorresponding indicator factor (Table 4.3). The calculated values for eachindicator are added together into a collective indicator value for themanagement of a material fraction. See the example in Table 4.1, where thequantity of glass packaging (in 1998), disposed of in different ways, ismultiplied by the corresponding factors. The results for each of the fourtreatment options are added together and constitute the resource indicatorvalue for waste management of glass. Indicator values for primary energy andlandfill requirement are calculated in a similar way.Table 4.1 Example of indicator calculation for glass packaging, 1998LandfillIncineration withenergy recoveryReuse (bottles)Recycling,material recoveryPaper andcardboardPackagingglass3200 tonnes * 9.7mPR per tonne =31 PR58800 tonnes *9.7 mPR pertonne = 570 PR57300 tonnes *1.1 mPR pertonne = 63 PR60300 tonnes *6.7 mPR pertonne = 404 PRAluminium*) the sum for the example of glass packaging is a total of 1,068 PR which, for example,is the basis for resource consumption for glass packaging in Figure 5.10.Indicator factors are based on life-cycle data for the individual material and ondata for waste management of materials. In the following the most essentialassumptions in the statement of quantitative data and for calculation of factorsfor the different fractions are summed up.30
4.1.1 Material fractions and waste quantitiesAs stated in Chapter 2, the grouping of materials is not necessarily identical towaste fractions in the ISAG. The waste fraction “paper and cardboard” in theISAG only covers paper and cardboard collected for recycling, whereas otherpaper is included in mixed fractions, for example “burnable waste”. For thematerial “paper” it will be necessary to make an estimate of total quantities ofpaper, including the amount of paper and cardboard included in the mixedwaste fractions for incineration or landfilling.In order to carry out calculations for all waste fractions it is necessary to breakdown the mixed waste fractions into material fractions. The composition of,for example, "burnable waste" thus must be broken down into materialfractions such as: paper and cardboard, plastic, glass, different metals,compostable waste, etc. which to a certain extent can be done based ondifferent data sources, and for some fractions based on estimates.Thus part of the assessment of the extent of an indicator calculation for theentire waste management field is also to determine how it is possible to breakdown waste into material fractions on the basis of ISAG statistics and otheraccessible data. It must be anticipated that the break-down of mixed materialfractions can only be carried out every five or ten years, so that in theintervening periods constant distributions of the fractions are used.If indicators are to be used to follow developments from one year to the next,it is essential to ensure that indicators are sensitive to the differences that maybe extracted from annual statistics (the ISAG and supplementary statistics),and not only reflect developments in total waste quantities.For the three materials for which calculations have been carried out, it hasbeen possible to provide data by combining ISAG statistics with other datasources (see Appendix C).4.1.2 LCA data and allocation of recycled materialsThe establishment of the three factors of resources, energy and landfillrequirement is based on the fact that material taken out of circulation upondisposal must be substituted with virgin primary material (see Chapter 2.3).Thus, if 1 kg of glass is landfilled, 1 kg of virgin glass must be manufactured,which is a defendable consideration as long as society has a constant orincreasing consumption, which is the case for paper and cardboard, glass andaluminium.In addition, if it is a question of waste treatment of recycled materials, some ofthe value of this material will be lost in the previous use. To take this intoaccount, the EDIP project’s loss of utility value (see Glossary) has beenapplied. Thus, for each material the extent to which the landfilled/incineratedmaterial consists of recycled material has been assessed. For example, inTable 4.2 it is stated that paper and cardboard is a mixture ofprimary/recycled paper and cardboard – an estimated 50/50 distribution forthe parts incinerated/landfilled. For the recycled part there has already been20% loss of utility value, which is why in total there is only 90% loss ofresources of paper consumption upon landfilling/incineration. For papergoing to recycling, in return, a 20% loss of utility value is used in thecalculation, which appears as a loss of 20% assigned to landfilling. A large partconcerns filler materials in the paper.31
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Project No. 809 2003M
Page 3 and 4: Indhold1 WASTE INDICATORS - TRIAL R
Page 6: PrefaceThe project on “Developmen
Page 9 and 10: Model B can be carried out initiall
Page 11 and 12: Both presentation methods (referred
Page 13 and 14: The significance of the potential s
Page 16 and 17: 2 From waste quantities toenvironme
Page 18 and 19: a number of materials in the so-cal
Page 20 and 21: 2.2.1 Environment and resource indi
Page 22 and 23: that if any material is removed fro
Page 24 and 25: 2.3.4 Which indicators are relevant
Page 26 and 27: 3 Screening of environment andresou
Page 28 and 29: Table 3.1 Differences in environmen
Page 32 and 33: Calculations are based on data from
Page 34 and 35: Table 4.3 Calculated factors (norma
Page 36 and 37: have taken place in the area. Calcu
Page 38 and 39: 5 Results of calculationsThe calcul
Page 40 and 41: Total resource consumption associat
Page 42 and 43: Figure 5.4Total primary energy cons
Page 44 and 45: Figure 5.7Total landfill requiremen
Page 46 and 47: Figure 5.10Consumption of resources
Page 48 and 49: 5.4 Indicators with focus on saving
Page 50 and 51: In relation to current recycling th
Page 52 and 53: Figure 5.14Realised savings from cu
Page 54: Figure 5.18Realised resource saving
Page 57 and 58: need updating before being applicab
Page 59 and 60: Table 6.1Total time required for st
Page 61 and 62: One of the points is that focus is
Page 63 and 64: Model B will be suitable for meetin
Page 65 and 66: perspective cf. statistics /36/. Th
Page 68 and 69: 9 ReferencesThe list of references
Page 70: (31) Sewage sludge from municipal a
Page 73 and 74: Appendix A1.12.2 Environment and re
Page 75 and 76: Appendix A1 Waste fractions and env
Page 77 and 78: Appendix AFor recycling, the ISAG s
Page 79 and 80: tion*) All resource consumption and
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Appendix AEnergy-derived environmen
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Appendix ABoth upon incineration an
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Appendix ArecoveryLandfillingDecomp
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Appendix A1.6.2 Environment and res
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Appendix ATable 1.17: Significant e
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Appendix ARecycling of rubber as a
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Appendix A1.9.3 Data basisTable 1.2
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Appendix AIn so-called selective de
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Appendix Anecessary there is a long
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Appendix A1.14 Other recyclables1.1
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Appendix A”Domestic waste from pr
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Appendix AUpon incineration of slud
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Appendix A1.20.2 Environment and re
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Appendix A1.23 Electrical equipment
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Appendix BTime consumption forcompr
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Appendix B2.1 Review of material fr
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• Iron and steel (excl. stainless
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Appendix Bthat statistics cover qua
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Appendix BIt is estimated that ther
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Appendix BTable 2.1:Data sources fo
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Appendix CAssumptions for calculati
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Appendix CSo the only possibility l
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Appendix CThe EDIP project uses a l
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Appendix CThis method will often un
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Appendix C2) In the EDIP database t
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Appendix Chas supplied in connectio
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Appendix C1998, which has been used
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Appendix CThus, slag is primarily r
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