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-sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) -HIV/AIDS -pregnancy -sleeping/eating disorders 37 inadvertently leads to extended stays in brothels or living with series of men -cervical Cancer -hysteria -adult criminal associates -murder -sexual harassment -"shelterization" -rape -suicide -peer pressure -dependency cycle -physical assault -genital/facial/limb disfigurement Source: Vanderstaay (1992). -emotional abuse -misguided/ contradictory agency care -value loss contributes to confused sexual identity -"post-traumatic syndrome" reinforces patterns of instability in relationships/ life choices -victimogenic/ criminogenic milieus Life on the streets has its positive side as well, according to some of our respondents. Freedom from adult constraints, autonomy to make their own decisions, fun, and adventure with peers, and learning to "stick together like a family" made street life worthwhile. Whereas some relish their freedom, many indicate that being away from the family is not considered a "best thing in life." The worst thing in life now for 30 percent remains the unresolved conflict with their family. Many regretted leaving home at all, even when parents ordered them out.
2.6 <strong>St</strong>reet children in Sierra Leone Accordingly, there are two categories of street children in Sierra Leone. The first is referred to children who stay with their parents or adult guardians at home but who go into the street daily to socialise with other children or to earn money for their family or for themselves. These children return home in the evening. The next category is those children who have abandoned or leave their homes and are permanently staying or living on the streets to work. These children have not received any parental guidance or parental care. Both categories are said to be equally vulnerable to violations of children’s rights and child abuse. When discussion the dilemma of street children, it is important to stress several demographic facts. In 2001, the estimated population of Sierra Leone is 4.6 million. It is noted that the population of Sierra Leone is young and those under 18 correspond to 2.3 million while the average annual growth rate of the population in urban cities between 1990-2001 is 3.2%. Consequently, it is not possible to provide a definite number of street children Sierra Leone since there has not been any official collated record of street children in the country. However, a research conducted from 1984 up to now in different parts of Sierra Leone has put the number of street children between 1, 625 and 3, 000. There have been few rigorous studies of street children in Sierra Leone, but such children's means of survival are fairly well known. It is virtually impossible to walk across downtown without being confronted repeatedly by child beggars. Children as young as two years old will approach both Africans and foreigners, whom they will ask for money, or food. Some children work alone, but most work with a small group of other children or even with the child's entire family. A common scene is for a young girl (perhaps 12 years old) to beg for money with a young sibling on her back. At times, the young girl may claim that the child on her back is her own, which, on occasion, it may be. However, more often than not, the child is a younger brother or sister carried around in an effort to elicit sympathy from people they 38
Page 1 and 2: St. Clements University “Factors
Page 3 and 4: 3.14 Procedures ...................
Page 5 and 6: The United Nations Children's Fund
Page 7 and 8: sickness (AIDS) in Uganda, (Dodge &
Page 9 and 10: coping programs usually have a moni
Page 11 and 12: 3. Peer group influence has no effe
Page 13 and 14: . Those children who are actually l
Page 15 and 16: earnings are inadequate to acquire
Page 17 and 18: In North America, the term school r
Page 19 and 20: presence of street children phenome
Page 21 and 22: eports approximately 200,000 child
Page 23 and 24: and school, the equation of sexual
Page 25 and 26: Majority of today’s youth faces c
Page 27 and 28: psychological functioning often wor
Page 29 and 30: Given the resistance to stereotypic
Page 31 and 32: frequent colds. In addition, this i
Page 33 and 34: It is of more than passing interest
Page 35 and 36: 40% of the sexually active market c
Page 37: ecause of poverty, or have run away
Page 41 and 42: Young girls often are recruited as
Page 43 and 44: 2.7.1 Economic stagnation There is
Page 45 and 46: 2.7.2 Child abuse On the streets, o
Page 47 and 48: the tension-building phase, the inc
Page 49 and 50: some passing pervert, stealing wall
Page 51 and 52: mostly in central locations where t
Page 53 and 54: Most girls made repeated efforts to
Page 55 and 56: that once he left the street there
Page 57 and 58: in the streets are that they are mo
Page 59 and 60: downright criminal activities like
Page 61 and 62: home. When he finds a group of frie
Page 63 and 64: The culture of violence gradually b
Page 65 and 66: Most children live and grow within
Page 67 and 68: money to the national government fo
Page 69 and 70: As members of the new homeless, you
Page 71 and 72: Illegal activities flourish in the
Page 73 and 74: � The media - media give out diff
Page 75 and 76: There is a great difference as to h
Page 77 and 78: crime-dependent street culture. On
Page 79 and 80: tend many machines in the modern fa
Page 81 and 82: In other recent studies, the resear
Page 83 and 84: According to Donald & Swart-Kruger
Page 85 and 86: gives by a significant individual o
Page 87 and 88: displayed no signs of delinquency a
Page 89 and 90:
children’s development could be a
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have intense behaviour, there is a
Page 93 and 94:
2.13 Healthy development childhood
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numerous storms of negative emotion
Page 97 and 98:
In terms of approach, the study emp
Page 99 and 100:
3.5 Interview/questionnaire structu
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Documentary secondary data, accordi
Page 103 and 104:
different in their means. To assist
Page 105 and 106:
3.11 Confidentiality The privacy of
Page 107 and 108:
The interviews were conducted over
Page 109 and 110:
For the purpose of lucidity, this c
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58. 53% Gender of children living i
Page 113 and 114:
In the table and figure above, it s
Page 115 and 116:
23% Distribution of children in nor
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43. 40% Distribution of where child
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shows that more children were born
Page 121 and 122:
Table 5b and Figure 5b shows the se
Page 123 and 124:
Table 6d and Figure 6d presents the
Page 125 and 126:
Percentage of children in normal fa
Page 127 and 128:
Table 7a Percentage children in nor
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Percentage of the kind kouse childr
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Percentage of How many Times Childr
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108. 99% Percentage of children in
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espondents includes their gender, a
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District codes Kenema Male Female 1
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Bo 27 9 36 Freetown 13 20 33 Total
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District codes Kenema 140 31 1 0 0
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Freetown 26 7 33 Total 130 36 166 N
Page 145 and 146:
Distribution of street children who
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 16b Percentage of Street Chi
Page 149 and 150:
How often street children see their
Page 151 and 152:
their friends. This indicates that
Page 153 and 154:
town has the highest number of stre
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ecome stronger with age, in part be
Page 157 and 158:
Percentage of Street Children who l
Page 159 and 160:
Table 17g and figure 17g shows that
Page 161 and 162:
District Codes Kenema 160 9 16 2 0
Page 163 and 164:
The table and figure above shows th
Page 165 and 166:
Makeni 8 14 8 30 Bo 4 10 22 36 Free
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From the table it can be seen that
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Number of Children 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 171 and 172:
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Kenema Figure 18
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Total 31 31 54 22 16 12 166 Number
Page 175 and 176:
Total 44 41 81 166 Figure 20b Table
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District codes Kenema Town distribu
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want to go home. They prefer going
Page 181 and 182:
Table 21e and figure 21e illustrate
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39. 23% Figure 22a Percentage of wh
Page 185 and 186:
143. 87% Figure 23a Distribution of
Page 187 and 188:
Distribution of offences for which
Page 189 and 190:
committed and these children have a
Page 191 and 192:
100 80 60 40 20 Cross analysis: Gen
Page 193 and 194:
Number of Children 70 60 50 40 30 2
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 24f 150 100 50 0 and street
Page 197 and 198:
Table 24h Children in Normal family
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ch
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the construction of houses, this is
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for a crime. Only seven children fr
Page 205 and 206:
24b2 Confidence level: 95% Meana-Me
Page 207 and 208:
Descriptive statistics: Children in
Page 209 and 210:
Standard error of difference 13.32
Page 211 and 212:
Descriptive statistics: Children in
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
children lived in 24j1 Independent
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Independent samples t-test 24l2 Con
Page 221 and 222:
There are many reasons that have be
Page 223 and 224:
adolescence, a child’s desire for
Page 225 and 226:
children within such settings, a su
Page 227 and 228:
children will no longer return home
Page 229 and 230:
lives exacerbate their emotional pr
Page 231 and 232:
In most cases, street children and
Page 233 and 234:
there are more female children on t
Page 235 and 236:
help fend for themselves and their
Page 237 and 238:
They have an acute awareness of the
Page 239 and 240:
Seeing their problems against the b
Page 241 and 242:
midst of a government-waged war on
Page 243 and 244:
intervention strategies generally r
Page 245 and 246:
When a street child is reported to
Page 247 and 248:
Personal characteristics include in
Page 249 and 250:
visitation programs, service networ
Page 251 and 252:
McWhirter (2004) stated that essent
Page 253 and 254:
Yours faithfully, Prince Cummings P
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
258 5. The researcher may be expect
Page 261 and 262:
16. Where were you born? 260 01. We
Page 263 and 264:
13. Where are your parents? 14. Are
Page 265 and 266:
Bamurange V (1998) “Relationships
Page 267 and 268:
Mafuba, C (1994) “Poverty spawnin
Page 269 and 270:
Youth at the Crossroad of Custom an
Page 271 and 272:
Miller, PA, Ryan, P & Morrison, W (
Page 273 and 274:
Mafuba, C (1994) “Poverty spawnin
Page 275 and 276:
Beaudoin, M-N (2001) “Promoting R
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