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ut who live in the street where there is no care, no protection, supervision or direction from parents or responsible adults. The sheer number of street children worldwide is estimated 100 million (Mafuba 1994:5), which clearly points to the enormity of the problems of poverty and deprivation besetting the countries in which these children live. The number of street children is constantly increasing. This is a kind of situation, which needs close attention and investigation. Millions of children around the world live in situations that put them at risk of exploitation, abuse, and discrimination. The most marginalized children, those who often experience human rights abuses, need special protection to promote their physical, mental, spiritual, moral, and social development. Problems related to coping with society reflect the behaviours and personalities of people. Due to these challenges, at-risk youths encounter much difficulty in interacting with others. These children become the victims of racism, bullying, divorce, and other related problems. Because children are still undergoing the continuous process of building their characteristics and their personalities, the guidance that they receive should also be based on their backgrounds and personal characteristics (Machiarolla & Garner, 1989, pp. 70-83). Helping the youths to overcome problems in society is a priority as it is through these youths that the future will be decided. Beaudoin (2001) have noted that youths who are going through their adolescent changes encounter certain problems, particularly in coping with their environment and the people that surround them. This can result to other related problems, which can affect their behaviour and ability to socialize. As part of their development, the situation and the reaction or feedback that the society show towards their behaviours have a large impact on their outcome, including the characteristics that develop during their adolescence (Watts & Eggellation, 1999, pp. 79-110). The importance of the adolescent age as well as the consequences that the society has made these youths bear during a crucial time of their development led to the establishment of various programs by several organizations within the society. These 7
coping programs usually have a monitoring system, in which those with the identified problems acquire guidance from someone typically referred to as “mentors”. The effects of these programs are advantageous for both the mentor and the youth as it allows them to become more drawn to each other (Alessandri et al, 2002). In Sierra Leone and in many developing countries, such programs could be the solution to the street children phenomenon. Millions of children live in the street because of poverty and negligence of their communities and countries. Children who live in the streets do not go to school, often because they have to work. Moreover, they do not have nutritious food or quality health care. Their lives have been devastated by HIV/ AIDS or war. They live and work on the streets. The adolescent programs prove vital to aid the street children in their development. The importance of addressing the problem on street children is because the development of Sierra Leon maybe hampered if many of the children continue to be subject to negligence, thus allowed to live in the streets. It is important therefore, to address and monitor the problem of street children in order to find solution to the problems. The study of street children will focus on five major towns in Sierra Leone. This will help to reveal the extent of the problem, provide a clear picture of the issues related to the street children phenomenon, and explore the situation of those children living in normal family homes. 1.3 Objectives of the study The primary objective is to examine and determine the factors related to the street children phenomenon in major towns in Sierra Leone. In addition, this paper attempts to conduct a comparative study of the city’s street children and children in normal family homes. Specifically, this dissertation aims to achieve the following objectives: � To conduct literature review on the fundamental concepts of the occurrences of street children � To determine what factors account for the appearance of the phenomenon 8
Page 1 and 2: St. Clements University “Factors
Page 3 and 4: 3.14 Procedures ...................
Page 5 and 6: The United Nations Children's Fund
Page 7: sickness (AIDS) in Uganda, (Dodge &
Page 11 and 12: 3. Peer group influence has no effe
Page 13 and 14: . Those children who are actually l
Page 15 and 16: earnings are inadequate to acquire
Page 17 and 18: In North America, the term school r
Page 19 and 20: presence of street children phenome
Page 21 and 22: eports approximately 200,000 child
Page 23 and 24: and school, the equation of sexual
Page 25 and 26: Majority of today’s youth faces c
Page 27 and 28: psychological functioning often wor
Page 29 and 30: Given the resistance to stereotypic
Page 31 and 32: frequent colds. In addition, this i
Page 33 and 34: It is of more than passing interest
Page 35 and 36: 40% of the sexually active market c
Page 37 and 38: ecause of poverty, or have run away
Page 39 and 40: 2.6 Street children in Sierra Leone
Page 41 and 42: Young girls often are recruited as
Page 43 and 44: 2.7.1 Economic stagnation There is
Page 45 and 46: 2.7.2 Child abuse On the streets, o
Page 47 and 48: the tension-building phase, the inc
Page 49 and 50: some passing pervert, stealing wall
Page 51 and 52: mostly in central locations where t
Page 53 and 54: Most girls made repeated efforts to
Page 55 and 56: that once he left the street there
Page 57 and 58: in the streets are that they are mo
Page 59 and 60:
downright criminal activities like
Page 61 and 62:
home. When he finds a group of frie
Page 63 and 64:
The culture of violence gradually b
Page 65 and 66:
Most children live and grow within
Page 67 and 68:
money to the national government fo
Page 69 and 70:
As members of the new homeless, you
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Illegal activities flourish in the
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� The media - media give out diff
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There is a great difference as to h
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crime-dependent street culture. On
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tend many machines in the modern fa
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In other recent studies, the resear
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According to Donald & Swart-Kruger
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gives by a significant individual o
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displayed no signs of delinquency a
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children’s development could be a
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have intense behaviour, there is a
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2.13 Healthy development childhood
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numerous storms of negative emotion
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In terms of approach, the study emp
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3.5 Interview/questionnaire structu
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Documentary secondary data, accordi
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different in their means. To assist
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3.11 Confidentiality The privacy of
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The interviews were conducted over
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For the purpose of lucidity, this c
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58. 53% Gender of children living i
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In the table and figure above, it s
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23% Distribution of children in nor
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43. 40% Distribution of where child
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shows that more children were born
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Table 5b and Figure 5b shows the se
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Table 6d and Figure 6d presents the
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Percentage of children in normal fa
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Table 7a Percentage children in nor
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Percentage of the kind kouse childr
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Percentage of How many Times Childr
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108. 99% Percentage of children in
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espondents includes their gender, a
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District codes Kenema Male Female 1
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Bo 27 9 36 Freetown 13 20 33 Total
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District codes Kenema 140 31 1 0 0
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Freetown 26 7 33 Total 130 36 166 N
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Distribution of street children who
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Figure 16b Percentage of Street Chi
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How often street children see their
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their friends. This indicates that
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town has the highest number of stre
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ecome stronger with age, in part be
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Percentage of Street Children who l
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Table 17g and figure 17g shows that
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District Codes Kenema 160 9 16 2 0
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The table and figure above shows th
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Makeni 8 14 8 30 Bo 4 10 22 36 Free
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From the table it can be seen that
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Number of Children 35 30 25 20 15 1
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30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Kenema Figure 18
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Total 31 31 54 22 16 12 166 Number
Page 175 and 176:
Total 44 41 81 166 Figure 20b Table
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District codes Kenema Town distribu
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want to go home. They prefer going
Page 181 and 182:
Table 21e and figure 21e illustrate
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39. 23% Figure 22a Percentage of wh
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143. 87% Figure 23a Distribution of
Page 187 and 188:
Distribution of offences for which
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committed and these children have a
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100 80 60 40 20 Cross analysis: Gen
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Number of Children 70 60 50 40 30 2
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Figure 24f 150 100 50 0 and street
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Table 24h Children in Normal family
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ch
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the construction of houses, this is
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for a crime. Only seven children fr
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24b2 Confidence level: 95% Meana-Me
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Descriptive statistics: Children in
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Standard error of difference 13.32
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Descriptive statistics: Children in
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children lived in 24j1 Independent
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Page 219 and 220:
Independent samples t-test 24l2 Con
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There are many reasons that have be
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adolescence, a child’s desire for
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children within such settings, a su
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children will no longer return home
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lives exacerbate their emotional pr
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In most cases, street children and
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there are more female children on t
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help fend for themselves and their
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They have an acute awareness of the
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Seeing their problems against the b
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midst of a government-waged war on
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intervention strategies generally r
Page 245 and 246:
When a street child is reported to
Page 247 and 248:
Personal characteristics include in
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visitation programs, service networ
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McWhirter (2004) stated that essent
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Yours faithfully, Prince Cummings P
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
258 5. The researcher may be expect
Page 261 and 262:
16. Where were you born? 260 01. We
Page 263 and 264:
13. Where are your parents? 14. Are
Page 265 and 266:
Bamurange V (1998) “Relationships
Page 267 and 268:
Mafuba, C (1994) “Poverty spawnin
Page 269 and 270:
Youth at the Crossroad of Custom an
Page 271 and 272:
Miller, PA, Ryan, P & Morrison, W (
Page 273 and 274:
Mafuba, C (1994) “Poverty spawnin
Page 275 and 276:
Beaudoin, M-N (2001) “Promoting R
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