Natural and technological hazards - Enviroportal.sk

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORSNATURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDSIt is necessary to avoid losse resulting from flooding, to reduce theirextent and impacts, and to influence the development of flooding. It isbeing achieved mainly by systematic prevention and by securing andsaving jobs, carried out in accordance with flooding plans andinstructions from flood controlling authorities.§ 42 article 1 Act no. 138/1973 Coll on the protection against floods(water Act)Water Quality Deterioration as a Result of Various AccidentsSince the year 1993 until 2000 the Slovak Environmental Inspection (SIŽP), department of water managementinspection notices a decreasing number of Water Quality Threatening and Deterioration Accidents (MOV). Theabove mentioned tendency is observed for surface as well for ground water. MOV trend overview is presented inthe following table.Water Quality Threatening and Deterioration Accidents (MOV) in SR for years 1993 – 2000Special water deterioration (MOV)no. of MOVsyearSurface waterGround waterrecorded by SIŽP boundaryoverall count watercourses and basins overall count Pollution Threateningwatercouress1993 142 95 3 12 47 10 371994 121 82 5 7 39 10 291995 129 73 5 11 56 8 481996 117 71 1 10 46 7 391997 109 63 0 6 46 14 321998 117 66 2 1 51 10 411999 98 61 2 9 37 3 342000 82 55 2 9 27 3 24Source: SIŽPFrom the perspective of Water Contaminants Types (WCT), during 1993 – 2000 oil substances contributed toMOV in the greatest extent. Unspecified WCT contributed to MOV in significant number.MOV trend according to the WCTs in the years 1993 – 2000Water detrimental substance type 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Oil substances 70 63 76 69 50 61 54 33 Alcali 5 3 3 5 10 3 5 2 Pesticides 2 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 Excrements of farm animals 8 9 11 14 8 3 7 5 Silage fluids 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 4

Industrial fertilizers 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Other texic substances 5 5 5 1 5 0 6 12 Insoluble compounds 11 4 6 4 8 7 1 5 Waste water 8 6 1 6 11 17 6 10 Other substances 4 13 10 9 6 6 4 2Unspecified water - contaminatingsubstances 29 17 16 7 9 17 12 9Source: SIŽPUnknown originators are contributing to MOV by stable significant percentage (in the year 2000 34.1%), numberof MOV originated outside the SR territory, or caused by foreign organisations was significantly variable (orderlyunits of % from the total recorded MOV) in 1993 – 2000.Overview of MOV originated outside the SR territory, caused by foreign originators, or by unknownoriginators in years 1993 –2000MOV caused or originated (count)yearoutside the SR territory by foreign organisations unknown originatorsno. % no. % no. %1993 7 4.9 7 4.9 44 31.01994 2 1.7 2 1.7 44 36.41995 5 3.9 3 2.3 28 21.71996 3 2.6 3 2.6 23 19.71997 1 0.5 6 5.5 20 18.41998 0 0 7 6 28 23.91999 3 3.1 3 3.1 27 27.62000 5 6.1 1 1.2 28 34.1Source: SIŽPThe main causes of unfavorable state in the number of unknown MOV originators are: (a) time factor (lateaccident announcement) and (b) insufficient operativeness during the MOV assessment of causes and originatorsfrom the side of pertinent institutions.Overview of main factors causing MOV according to records of the SIŽP in 1993 – 2000MOV causes 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Non-compliance with technological and work discipline 23 25 34 20 35 29 20 14Unsatisfactory facilities conditions caused by:2A insufficient maintenance and accessories 14 14 12 11 10 10 6 72B inappropriate technical design of solution 12 12 9 11 4 4 11 52C inadequate storage and emergency tank capacity 1 0 3 3 0 1 2 1Extraordinary events 3A fire0 0 03B explosionAtmospheric factors 4A atmospheric factors4B oxigen deficitTransport and haulage: 5A transport1 2 3 2 02 6 4 15 429 16 14 20 285B haulage9 6 1Accident originated outside the SR territory 7 2 5 3 1 0 3 5Other 11 13 29 14 13 15 15 14Unknown 44 32 16 18 13 23 16 19110240501413111

Source: SIŽPAir Quality Deterioration as a Result of Various AccidentsSIŽP, Air Protection Inspectorate Ddivision, in the year 2000 recorded four events that caused Air QualityThreatening and Deterioration Accidents (MOO). MOO trend recorded by SIŽP in this issue in years 1993 – 2000is represented in the following table.Air Quality Threatening and Deterioration Accidents (MOO) in years 1993 – 2000yearno. of recorded MOO in total, of which:events deteriorationthreatening1993 8 8 -1994 1 1 -1995 9 8 11996 5 5 -1997 7 7 -1998 5 5 -1999 3 3 -2000 4 3 1Source: SIŽPFrom the perspective of Air Contaminant Types types (ACT) that contributed to the MOO in the years 1993 –2000, SO2 a NOx escapes were the most frequent – this is supported by data presented in the table below.Trend in the number of MOO by ACTs in 1993 – 2000Air contaminant types (ACTs) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 SO2 1 - 1 2 2 1 1 2 NOx 1 - 1 2 2 1 1 1 SPM 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 2 CO 1 - 2 2 1 1 1 1 Corg 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 H2S - - - - 1 - - - NH3 - 1 - - - - - - Vinyl chloride 1 - - - - 1 - - Chlorine - - - - - - - 1Source: SIŽPFiresThe fire incidence shows that in the period of 1995-1999 50,754 fires that caused direct material damages ofalmost 3 Bill. SK originated in the SR. 290 persons died and 906 suffered various injuries as a result of thesefires. From the monitored causes, the most fires originated as a result of negligence and carelessness ofindividuals (31,180 cases, 61.4% from the overall number of fires). Negligence and carelessness is mostlymanifested during fires that annualy originate during creation of fires in nature and during burning of dry covers.Just from these reasons 19,538 fires originated during the given period, significantly high number of this fire typewas recorded in the year 1998 when 6,406 fires originated as the result of burning and creation of fires in nature.

Relation between the number of fires and the level of damages, resp. level of preserved values (SK) in1995 – 2000Source: ÚPO MV SRFloodsExtraordinary of water supplies in the snow cover after the rise of temperatures in the spring months of the year2000 (months from February to April) caused floods almost in all SR territory – primarily in the south, but mainly inthe east Slovakia. In the period from May to August floods from especially intensive storm rainfalls connected withhails occured in some villages of Prešov and Košice region.In the year 2000, the floods caused flooding of 2,625 family or residential buildings, 189 water sources, the areaof 76,494 ha of which 274 ha in village intravilans in 220 villages. 210 km of state roads, 1,414 km of localcommunications, 94 bridges, 60 foot bridges, 136 road culverts and railway of 100 m lenght were damaged. 4 607residents were imminently flood-stricken, 210 residents were evacuated and 2 residents were deprived of theshelter.Overview of financial consequences of floods in 1998 – 2000Floods – yearFlood DamagesCosts (mil. SK)Total costs andRescue works Safeguarding works damages (mil. SK)(mil. SK)July 1998 850.00 115.90 19.60 985.50November 1998 150.40 2.87 19.10 172.371998 total 1,000.40 118.77 38.70 1,157.87March-April 1999 560.10 14.80 43.70 618.60June 1999 1,583.80 12.90 5.80 1,602.50July 1999 2,317.00 30.60 15.60 2,363.201999 total 4,460.90 58.30 65.10 4,584.30Year 2000 1,234.20 8.90 55.50 1,298.60Source: VÚVHDamages caused by floods in years 1998 – 2000YearProperty damages of (thous. Sk):Population Munici-pality StateOthersubjectsTotalŠkody v rezorte MP SR (thous. Sk)Water ForestAgricul-ture managementmanagementTotal1998 133,237 110,857 334,432 421,926 1,000,452 377,726 72,884 31,018 481,6281999 646,108 635,800 1,410,254 1,768,734 4,460,896 1,691,936 460,661 659,619 2,812,2162000 21,492 137,237 480,242 595,220 1,234,191 595,220 225,874 81,245 902,339Total 800,837 883,894 2,224,928 2,785,880 6,695,539 2,664,882 759,419 771,882 4,196,183Source: VÚVH

Flood situation analysis in the year 2000 confirmed again that the floods are often result of synergic effect ofseveral anthropogenic factors and global climatic changes. From the above mentioned reason the antifloodprotection issues become a problem of prime importance in the SR. The “Antiflood protection programme of theSR by 2010” approved by the Resolution of the SR government No. 31 from 19. January 2000 has become thebasis for the antiflood policy and strategy fight. “Set of scientific-technical projects” (STP) is also its part, howeverwith regard to the breadth and complexity of the antiflood protection, many protective measures must besupported by research. The STP set consists of nine partial scientific-technical projects.Scientific-technical projects (STP) overview by the actors (holders) of these projectsSTPno.STP nameSTP actorI. Hydrologic-climatic flood aspects SHMÚ BratislavaII. Rain-fall - outflow process and proposal values FZKI SPU NitraIII. Spatial structure of catchment areas, identification of risk zones and factors PrF UK BratislavaIV. Interaction of surface-, soil-, and ground water during the floods ÚH SAV BratislavaV.Risk levels of flood wave origination and impact of floods on agricultural fund, forest fund,watermanagement fund and intravilainsVÚVH BratislavaVI. Measures proposal to mitigate flood impacts FZKI SPU NitraVII. Flood situation in catchment areas and technical measures SvF STU BratislavaVIII. Importance of water reservoirs and dams forantiflood protectionSvF STU BratislavaIX. Coordination of scientific-technical projectsVÚVH BratislavaSource: MP SRThe proposed measures must lead to renewal of functions related to water rataining through which the acquaticand terrestrial space in generally and lowland watercourse particularly will improve. The overall ecologicalsituation will improve as well, and ecological deficits from previous years will adjust.Funds for the STP set solution in the amount of 223.790 mil. SK should be provided according to the approvedResolution of the SR government No. 31/2000 from the state budget means.