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16 RIZAL- BEYOND THE GRAVEthese two writings is quite small, only 3.52°. Considering thefact that the difference among the averages of the genuine writingsof Rizal considered as standards is greater than this noted differencebetween the questioned document and one of these standardwritings, an observer may hastily draw the conclusion thatsince there is not much difference in their slants, therefore theyFig. III. Variations in the form of letter "a" foundin the retraction.were the writings of one and the same person. That reasoningis in error in one presupposition, which when put into languagesounds more or less like this:
COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 17"Since between two standard writings of one man thedifference is great, therefore his slants are variable, andthe fact that the slants are variable warrants the conclusionthat the man writes many forms of slants. Since the differencebetween the average of the slants of the writingin question and that of a standard writing is small, evensmaller than the difference between genuine writings, therefereit falls within the scope of probability to consider thatthe questioned writing has an, affinity with the: genuinewriting."I say that the aboye errs, because it simply considers the factthat because a writer writes variable slants, therefore he couldwrite, or better he writes any slant. This is false, ,because thevariability of a writer's habitual slants falls within limas, as determinedfrom his various writings, which we have done in ourgraph. I shall repeat, within these limits, a writer makes variableslants, because the hand of man is not a mechanical thing thatmakes constant forms of whatever it writes. It also forgets thefact that the standard writing we compared with the questioneddocument has the lowest average limit of the slants available.That the questioned document shall yield an average lower thanthis lowest average is suspicious, for it falls beyond the rangeof the writer's determined variability. If only it falls aboyethis average, there will be no question for it will then fall withinthe limits of the said variability.If we shall look closely at the graphs of the two writings moreclosely compared, we shall find that while the tendency of thegenuine writing is to have the greater variation aboye the average,that is, towards the more vertical slants, the tendency of the retractionis to have the greater variation below its own average,that is, towards the more slanting position. That these twotendencies shall exist between writings, that have close averageslants, is a stumbling fact in the conclusion that they were writtenby the same hand, unless it can be demonstrated factually thatsuch tendencies really exist in that particular hand in question.The fact that among the standard writings themselves thedifference is wide is not an argument to negative the differencewe observed immediately aboye, but in reality the fact that determinedfor us the limits of Rizal's slants, which naturally excludeany average below or aboye these limits, unless it is extendedfar below or aboye by a genuine writing of Rizal to the date oras alear the date in question as possible. We must here remember
Page 1 and 2: -1, 41V , , , ,,! • " 9 .41.3.,.,
Page 5 and 6: COPYRIGHT, 1935BYRICARDO R. PASCUAL
Page 7 and 8: PREFACEIt has always been said that
Page 9 and 10: PREFACEIXin which we live. It would
Page 11 and 12: Proface— CONTENTS —Page...... v
Page 13 and 14: JOSE RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEA VINDIC
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION 3family the trouble of
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION 5claimed, for that is
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER IITHE DOCUMENTThe document,
Page 21 and 22: THE DOCUMENT 9stroke before breakin
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER IIICOMPARISON OF HANDWRITIN
Page 25 and 26: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 13on a "
Page 27: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 15on Dec
Page 31 and 32: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 19stroke
Page 33 and 34: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 21teenth
Page 35 and 36: COIVIPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 23not
Page 37 and 38: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 25but a
Page 39 and 40: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 27disput
Page 41 and 42: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 29in the
Page 43 and 44: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 31millio
Page 45 and 46: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 33This e
Page 47 and 48: COMPARISON OF HANDWRITINGS 35hands
Page 49: COMPARISON OF HANDWRTIINGS 37argue
Page 53 and 54: TEXTUAL CRITICISM 41"The text copie
Page 55 and 56: TEXTUAL CRITICISM 43the model or pa
Page 58: 46 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVE"In 1887 R
Page 61 and 62: TEXTUAL CRITICISM 49substituted phr
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER VBY WAY OF DISPROOFSThat we
Page 65 and 66: BY WAY OF DISPROOFS 53of the Martyr
Page 67 and 68: BY WAY OF DISPROOFS 55(of Dec. 29,
Page 69 and 70: BY WAY OF DISPROOFS 57the first day
Page 71 and 72: BY WAY OF DISPROOFS 59not appear to
Page 73 and 74: BY WAY OF DISPROOFS 61he also burie
Page 75 and 76: BY WAY OF DISPROOFS 63were looking
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER VITHE QUESTION OF HISTORICI
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THE QUESTION OF HISTORICITY 67that
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THE QUESTION OF HISTORICITY 69the f
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THE QUESTION OF HISTORICITY 71Again
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THE QUESTION OF HISTORICITY 73tance
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THE QUESTION OF HISTORICITY 75as ev
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THE QUESTION OF HISTORICITY 77both
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THE QUESTION OF HISTORICITY 79Fig.
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CHAPTER VIITHE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT
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PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT 83medy it. Con
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PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT 85laguer, hims
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PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT 87in the error
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F. XIX. The enlarged reproduction o
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90 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEto God. Hi
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92 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEAs to the
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94 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEideals com
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96 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEstantial e
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98 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEmatter of
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100 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVE"Paine wa
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Fig. XX. The juxtaposed arrangement
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104 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEhave occu
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106 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEthe kind
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108 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEclaimed t
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110 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEdissemina
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112 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEfrom many
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114 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEhad reall
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116 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEgrination
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Fig. XXI. The reproduction of the l
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120 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEthat he w
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122 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEwhy. Then
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124 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEour inabi
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126 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEthe depar
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128 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEbe condem
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130 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEminus the
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132 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEand signe
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134 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEin the ca
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136 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVE"The reco
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mul mummummegagmummummummummummgzum
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140 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEhas taken
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142 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEbut when
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144 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEactually
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146 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEaccount .
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148 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVE(could we
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150 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEhe a simp
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152 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVE"Look, Fa
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154 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEAgain let
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156 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEsoul feel
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158 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVE"Rizal, l
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160 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEchildren
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162 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEenemies t
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164 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEto prove
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166 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEif by Chr
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168 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEthe dawn
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170 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEthus inva
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172 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEphilosoph
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174 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEWhat does
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176 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVELet there
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178 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEthis poin
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180 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEConsidera
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Fig. XXIV. The la.st leiter of Dr.
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184 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEof rebell
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186 RIZAL BEYOND THE GRAVEEl Doctor
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