indicate different structure-activity relationships for each insect, and may provide some insightinto the mode of action of phenolic compounds.This work has provided novel insights into several aspects of the chemical ecology of riceinsect pests and the interactions of these pests with rice. A greater understanding of the chemicalecology underlying insect-plant interactions will facilitate the development of novel managementstrategies in the near future. For example, the successful use of a plant-based elicitor to induceplant resistance in small-plot field experiments can provide a valuable framework for larger-scalestudies now that the methodology has been established. In addition, O. pugnax producedvolatiles have the potential to be used in a variety of methods, from use in monitoring traps topotentially attracting natural enemies and parasitoids and to even be used as a spray to repel O.pugnax from entering fields. The combined use of multiple control tactics in an integratedmanner will aid in the development of a more sustainable approach to pest management forinsect pests of rice in Louisiana.4
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW1.1. Rice Insect Pests in the Southeastern United StatesA major limiting factor worldwide for rice production is damage by insect pests. InLouisiana, the main pests are the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae), the rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and a group ofsporadic pests, the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis and the fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda.1.1.1. Rice Water WeevilThe rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, is considered to be the most importantinsect pest in Louisiana as well as in other Southern rice producing states (Smith, 1983; Way,1990). It also has the potential to be an international pest due to its introduction into Japan in1978 (Smith, 1983), Korea, Taiwan and mainland China in the 1990‘s (Heinrichs andQuisenberry, 1999). Adults feed on leaves, leaving longitudinal scars which are not consideredeconomically important. Typically, oviposition does not begin until after the fields are flooded(Everett and Trahan, 1967; Muda et al., 1981; Smith, 1983; Stout et al., 2002b). Females ovipositin the leaf sheaths just below the water surface (Everett and Trahan, 1967; Raksarart andTugwell, 1975; Smith, 1983; Way, 1990). Larvae eclose within four to nine days afteroviposition and migrate to the roots (Everett and Trahan, 1967; Raksarart and Tugwell, 1975).Larval damage causes an average of a 10% loss in yield (Smith, 1983) and can result in losses upto $50 million annually (Spradley and Widham, 1995).Non-chemical methods for rice water weevil control have been investigated, but haveshown little success (Puissegur, 1976; Bunyarat et al., 1977; Smith, 1983; Way, 1990; Thompsonet al., 1994; N‘Guessan and Quisenberry. 1994; N‘Guessan et al., 1994; Rice, 1996; Heinrichs5
- Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGY AND CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF PLA
- Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
- Page 5 and 6: LISTS OF FIGURES2.1. Mean number of
- Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACTInduced resistance to the r
- Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTIONWorldwide, rice is plan
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- Page 15 and 16: injury (Stout et al., 2002a). The t
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- Page 39 and 40: (Stuttgart, AR). Seeds were planted
- Page 41 and 42: 3.3. ResultsFive experiments in 200
- Page 43 and 44: (F 1,3 =0.11, P=0.7) (Table 3.1). S
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detected (Borges et al., 2006), and
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such as corn, rice and sweet sorghu
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separatory funnel, leaving the aque
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weight of stem tissue. Chromatograp
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Mean weight as % of control12010080
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The effects of ferulic acid and p-c
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a) Cinnamic acid b) p-Coumaric acid
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exogenous JA in field experiments r
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can have widely divergent effects o
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Black, C.A., Karban, R., Godfrey, L
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Doss, R.P., Proebsting, W.M., Potte
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Hilker, M., Kobs, C., Varama, M. an
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Kovacova, M. and E. Malinova. 2007.
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Naresh, J. and C. Smith. 1984. Feed
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Satoh, M., Nakajima, T. and H. Kann
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Summers, C.B. and G.W. Felton. 1994
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Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, K., Gao, W.
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Total0.00 USDTerms and ConditionsIn
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with your payment made payable to "
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