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While S. frugiperda is a sporadic pest of O. sativa, outbreaks happen rapidly, with largeareas of unflooded fields being defoliated in a short time period. To protect itself fromherbivory, O. sativa produces many secondary compounds, many of them phenolic acids.Understanding how these compounds and S. frugiperda interact and how S. frugiperda is able toeffectively metabolize these compounds may enhance our understanding of the mode of action ofthese compounds. My research into effects of phenolic acids on the growth of D. saccharalisand S. frugiperda can lead to a greater understanding of the structure-activity relationship ofthese compounds.12
CHAPTER 2. HERBIVORE AND ELICITOR-INDUCED RESISTANCE IN RICE(ORYZA SATIVA) TO THE RICE WATER WEEVIL (LISSORHOPTRUSORYZOPHILUS KUSCHEL) IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD *2.1. IntroductionFeeding by arthropod herbivores often causes changes in the expression of plantresistance-related genes and traits, and these changes often result in plants becoming less suitablefor subsequent herbivores. This phenomenon has been termed induced resistance (Karban andBaldwin, 1997). Induced resistance to herbivory can be broadly classified as direct or indirect.Direct induced resistance refers to changes that negatively affect herbivore behavior, growth orphysiology and can be manifested in a variety of ways, such as reduced feeding, oviposition,fecundity and survival of herbivores on previously damaged plants (Walling, 2000). Indirectinduced resistance refers to changes that attract or retain natural enemies of herbivorousarthropods (Dicke et al., 2003). Direct and indirect induced resistance have been reported in awide variety of plants (see Constabel et al., 2000; Howe et al., 1996; Johnson et al., 1989;Pechan et al., 2002). However, such responses are less studied in rice and other economicallyimportant monocots (Karban and Chen, 2007; Kogel and Langen, 2005).Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that serves as an important signal molecule tomediate the expression of both direct and indirect defenses against herbivory (Browse and Howe,2008; Thaler et al., 2002). JA accumulates rapidly in plant tissues near the site of herbivoreattack (Korth and Thompson, 2006), and increases in endogenous JA lead, through a series ofintermediary steps, to changes in the expression of resistance-related genes and metabolites andto enhanced resistance to herbivory ( Bruinsma and Dicke, 2008; Korth and Thompson, 2006).Consistent with its role as an endogenous signal, treating plants with exogenous JA often*Reprinted with permission by the Journal of Chemical Ecology13
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGY AND CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF PLA
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
Page 5 and 6: LISTS OF FIGURES2.1. Mean number of
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACTInduced resistance to the r
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTIONWorldwide, rice is plan
Page 11 and 12: functional role of MTG chemicals wa
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW1.1. Ri
Page 15 and 16: injury (Stout et al., 2002a). The t
Page 17 and 18: sugarcane (Reagan et al., 1972). Al
Page 19: 1.1.5. ConclusionsFor all of the ab
Page 23 and 24: Oviposition commences when rice fie
Page 25 and 26: covered with a mesh fabric screenin
Page 27 and 28: Louisiana. In both experiments, ric
Page 29 and 30: experiment, number of eggs were sig
Page 31 and 32: cultivar ‘Rosemont’ there was n
Page 33 and 34: frugiperda received 37%-53% fewer e
Page 35 and 36: ice fields in Louisiana are general
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 3: INDUCED RESISTANCE IN RI
Page 39 and 40: (Stuttgart, AR). Seeds were planted
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. ResultsFive experiments in 200
Page 43 and 44: (F 1,3 =0.11, P=0.7) (Table 3.1). S
Page 45 and 46: Oviposition induced responses have
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 4. ASPECTS OF THE CHEMICAL
Page 49 and 50: spectrometer (electron impact ioniz
Page 51 and 52: A single adult O. pugnax was gently
Page 53 and 54: the number of days for males and fe
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4.2. Typical chromatogram of
Page 57 and 58: 4.3.2. Olfactometer BioassaysWhen p
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4.5. Second experiment of 20
Page 61 and 62: 2004; Kopf et al., 1998; Nishida, 2
Page 63 and 64: detected (Borges et al., 2006), and
Page 65 and 66: such as corn, rice and sweet sorghu
Page 67 and 68: separatory funnel, leaving the aque
Page 69 and 70: weight of stem tissue. Chromatograp
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Mean weight as % of control12010080
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The effects of ferulic acid and p-c
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a) Cinnamic acid b) p-Coumaric acid
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exogenous JA in field experiments r
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can have widely divergent effects o
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Black, C.A., Karban, R., Godfrey, L
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Doss, R.P., Proebsting, W.M., Potte
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Hilker, M., Kobs, C., Varama, M. an
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Kovacova, M. and E. Malinova. 2007.
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Naresh, J. and C. Smith. 1984. Feed
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Satoh, M., Nakajima, T. and H. Kann
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Summers, C.B. and G.W. Felton. 1994
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Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, K., Gao, W.
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Total0.00 USDTerms and ConditionsIn
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with your payment made payable to "
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