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well as influence development time and adult weights.The biological activity of four common phenolic compounds in rice (ferulic, p-coumaric,cinnamic and caffeic acids) were evaluated for their effects on the growth rate of D. saccharalisand S. frugiperda larvae. Levels of these compounds were quantified and then incorporated intodiet bioassays. Despite minor structural differences, these compounds were found to havewidely divergent effects on the larval weights of D. saccharalis and S. frugiperda.viii
INTRODUCTIONWorldwide, rice is planted on more than 150 million hectares (USDA FAS, 2005). Riceis a staple for more people than foods obtained from any other plant species, and a large majorityof the world‘s population derives at least half of their caloric intake from rice (IRRI, 2000).Moreover, rice farms cover 11% of the world‘s arable land (IRRI, 2000). As a result, riceresearch and its applications have the potential to affect the well being of a large part of theworld‘s population and will also have a substantial effect on the environment.Globally, rice is cultivated in more than 50 countries across Asia, North and SouthAmerica, Europe, Africa and Australia (USDA FAS, 2005). While accounting for only1.5-2% ofglobal production, the United States is one of the largest exporters of rice, representing 14% ofglobal rice exports (USDA FAS, 2005). In 2010, the value of the United States rice harvest wasapproximately $3.07 billion (USDA NASS, 2010), and in Louisiana, it was worth over $411million (LA AgSummary, 2010).The semi-aquatic environment in which rice is cultivated requires environmentally soundmanagement strategies in order to reduce the adverse effects of insecticides on the unique faunafound in Louisiana rice paddies. In addition, the increasing co-production of crawfish and ricemakes it absolutely necessary to investigate alternatives to the conventional managementstrategies historically used to control insect pests – insecticides. The research described in thisdissertation was undertaken to understand aspects of the ecology and chemical ecology of riceand insect pests, with the broader goal of applying knowledge of plant-insect interactions to thedevelopment of novel management strategies.1
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGY AND CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF PLA
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
Page 5 and 6: LISTS OF FIGURES2.1. Mean number of
Page 7: ABSTRACTInduced resistance to the r
Page 11 and 12: functional role of MTG chemicals wa
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW1.1. Ri
Page 15 and 16: injury (Stout et al., 2002a). The t
Page 17 and 18: sugarcane (Reagan et al., 1972). Al
Page 19 and 20: 1.1.5. ConclusionsFor all of the ab
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 2. HERBIVORE AND ELICITOR-I
Page 23 and 24: Oviposition commences when rice fie
Page 25 and 26: covered with a mesh fabric screenin
Page 27 and 28: Louisiana. In both experiments, ric
Page 29 and 30: experiment, number of eggs were sig
Page 31 and 32: cultivar ‘Rosemont’ there was n
Page 33 and 34: frugiperda received 37%-53% fewer e
Page 35 and 36: ice fields in Louisiana are general
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 3: INDUCED RESISTANCE IN RI
Page 39 and 40: (Stuttgart, AR). Seeds were planted
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. ResultsFive experiments in 200
Page 43 and 44: (F 1,3 =0.11, P=0.7) (Table 3.1). S
Page 45 and 46: Oviposition induced responses have
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 4. ASPECTS OF THE CHEMICAL
Page 49 and 50: spectrometer (electron impact ioniz
Page 51 and 52: A single adult O. pugnax was gently
Page 53 and 54: the number of days for males and fe
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4.2. Typical chromatogram of
Page 57 and 58: 4.3.2. Olfactometer BioassaysWhen p
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Figure 4.5. Second experiment of 20
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2004; Kopf et al., 1998; Nishida, 2
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detected (Borges et al., 2006), and
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such as corn, rice and sweet sorghu
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separatory funnel, leaving the aque
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weight of stem tissue. Chromatograp
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Mean weight as % of control12010080
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The effects of ferulic acid and p-c
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a) Cinnamic acid b) p-Coumaric acid
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exogenous JA in field experiments r
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can have widely divergent effects o
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Black, C.A., Karban, R., Godfrey, L
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Doss, R.P., Proebsting, W.M., Potte
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Hilker, M., Kobs, C., Varama, M. an
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Kovacova, M. and E. Malinova. 2007.
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Naresh, J. and C. Smith. 1984. Feed
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Satoh, M., Nakajima, T. and H. Kann
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Summers, C.B. and G.W. Felton. 1994
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Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, K., Gao, W.
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Total0.00 USDTerms and ConditionsIn
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with your payment made payable to "
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