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List of AbbreviationsAAOUACMADLAAIOUALSAMTECAPAASTDAUQABRIBTNC/E ratiosCADECAICBACBECCRTVUCDTCEACHEACNIECOLCORECOTSCPDCTCUDBMSAsian Association of Open UniversitiesAuthor-Contract ModelAfrican Distance Learning AssociationAllama Iqbal Open UniversityAlternative Learning ServicesAssociation for Media and Technology inEducation in CanadaAmerican Psychology AssociationAmerican Society for Training and DevelopmentAustralian Universities Quality AgencyBank Rakyat IndonesiaBank Tabungan NegaraCost-effectiveness ratiosCanadian Association for Distance EducationComputer-Assisted InstructionCost-benefit AnalysisComputer-based ExaminationsChina Central Radio and TV UniversityContent Development TeamCost-effectiveness AnalysisAmerican Council for Higher EducationAccreditationCanadian Network for Innovation in EducationCommonwealth of LearningChina Open Resources for EducationCommercial-off-the-shelfContinuing and Professional DevelopmentCourse TeamClose-upDatabase Management Systems
xii Policy and Practice in Asian Distance EducationDEDECDGBDGHEDII PGSDDLFDLTCDTIsEADTUEAIEAQAHEECECUEFAELSESPFF2fFEFISIPFKIPFLFMIPAGEMGLADGPAGSMHECHOHRHRDHSUMICDEICTIDIDEIDRDistance EducationDistance Education CouncilDirectorate General of BudgetingDirectorate General of Higher EducationDiploma II Primary School EducationDistance Learning FoundationDistance Learning and Telemedicine CentreDistance Teaching InstitutionsEuropean Association of Distance TeachingUniversitiesEnterprise Application IntegrationEuropean Association for Quality Assurance inHigher EducationEuropean CommissionExtreme Close-upEducation for AllEuropean Learning SpaceEnglish for Special Purposes FoundationFace-to-faceFaculty of EconomicsFaculty of Social and Political SciencesFaculty of Teacher Training and EducationalSciencesFlexible LearningFaculty of Mathematics and Natural ScienceGender Evaluation MethodologyGateways to Learning for Ability DevelopmentGrade Point AverageGlobal System for Mobile CommunicationsHigher Education CommissionHead OfficeHuman ResourceHuman Resources DevelopmentHealth Sciences University of MongoliaInternational Council for Open and DistanceEducationInformation and Communication TechnologyInstructional DesignInstitute of Distance EducationIndonesian Rupiah
Page 2 and 3: List of Abbreviations iPolicy and P
Page 4 and 5: Policy and Practice in AsianDistanc
Page 6 and 7: ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables1.1 The world’s twe
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures2.1 UT’s financial
Page 14 and 15: List of Abbreviations xiiiIGNOU Ind
Page 16 and 17: List of Abbreviations xvUNDPUNESCOU
Page 18 and 19: ForewordI welcome this volume, the
Page 20 and 21: Foreword xixthen, except perhaps fo
Page 22 and 23: PrefaceThis guidebook has been crea
Page 24 and 25: Preface xxiii• Samtse College of
Page 26 and 27: AcknowledgementsThe PANdora project
Page 28 and 29: Section 1Open and Distance Learning
Page 30 and 31: Conceptual Origins∗1Tian Belawati
Page 32 and 33: Conceptual Origins 5students and th
Page 34 and 35: Conceptual Origins 7industries has
Page 36 and 37: Conceptual Origins 9• an open ent
Page 38 and 39: Conceptual Origins 11however, focus
Page 40 and 41: Financial Management 13entrepreneur
Page 42 and 43: Financial Management 15Figure 2.1 U
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.1 Cost structure of Univers
Page 46 and 47: Financial Management 19Table 2.2 Co
Page 48 and 49: Financial Management 21Development
Page 50 and 51: Financial Management 23UT has never
Page 52 and 53: Financial Management 25expenses are
Page 54 and 55: Associations and Partnerships 27edu
Page 56 and 57: Associations and Partnerships 29Int
Page 58 and 59: Associations and Partnerships 31•
Page 60 and 61: Associations and Partnerships 33AAO
Page 62 and 63:
Associations and Partnerships 35•
Page 64 and 65:
United States Distance Learning Ass
Page 66 and 67:
Section 2Evaluation and Assessment
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Cost-effectiveness∗4Tian Belawati
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Cost-effectiveness 43decision-makin
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Cost-effectiveness 45Figure 4.2 UT
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Cost-effectiveness 47If the least-c
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Quality Assurance∗5Tian BelawatiI
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Quality Assurance 512. The manageme
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Quality Assurance 53• China Centr
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Quality Assurance 55services to stu
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Quality Assurance 579. Continual ev
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Quality Assurance 59with us”. The
Page 88 and 89:
Student Assessment 61weaknesses are
Page 90 and 91:
Student Assessment 63ROLE OF MARKED
Page 92 and 93:
Student Assessment 65A major issue
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Student Assessment 67The Item Banki
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E-assessment 69in terms of economic
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E-assessment 71in disciplines invol
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E-assessment 73Social/Ethical Issue
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E-assessment 75consider e-assessmen
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Conducting and ReportingDistance Ed
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Conducting and Reporting Distance E
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7. Descriptive ScalesConducting and
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Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Section 3Media Usage in Distance Ed
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History of DistanceEducation Media
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History of Distance Education Media
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Print and Audio Production 105will
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Print and Audio Production 107instr
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Print and Audio Production 109scrip
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Print and Audio Production 111The p
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TV/Video Production11Dewi PadmoINTR
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TV/Video Production 1151. Full scri
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TV/Video Production 1171. Single-co
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TV/Video Production 119• Assistan
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TV/Video Production 121Table 11.3 S
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Online Learning Management Systems
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Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 12.4 Moodle display for conf
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Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Production of SMS Materials 137of t
Page 166 and 167:
Production of SMS Materials 139d) I
Page 168 and 169:
Production of SMS Materials 141 (fo
Page 170 and 171:
Production of SMS Materials 143requ
Page 172 and 173:
Production of SMS Materials 145Mess
Page 174 and 175:
Section 4Principles of Distance Edu
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Accessibility and Selectionof Dista
Page 178 and 179:
Accessibility and Selection of Dist
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Adult Learning and Instructional De
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Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Figure 15.3 The systems modelRevise
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Course MaterialDevelopment Strategi
Page 196 and 197:
Course Material Development Strateg
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Box 16.1 The three phases of course
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Gender and Outcome Mapping 181Figur
Page 210 and 211:
2. Outcome and Performance Monitori
Page 212 and 213:
Gender and Outcome Mapping 185for e
Page 214 and 215:
Gender and Outcome Mapping 187persp
Page 216 and 217:
Gender and Outcome Mapping 189the p
Page 218 and 219:
Gender and Outcome Mapping 191activ
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Section 5Examples of Distance Educa
Page 222 and 223:
China Open University(formerly Chin
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China Open University 197In recent
Page 226 and 227:
China Open University 199the CCRTVU
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China Open University 201a unified
Page 230 and 231:
Korea National Open University 203i
Page 232 and 233:
Korea National Open University 205B
Page 234 and 235:
Korea National Open University 207L
Page 236 and 237:
Sukhothai ThammathiratOpen Universi
Page 238 and 239:
Sukhothai Thammathirat Open Univers
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Universitas Terbuka 219lack the opp
Page 248 and 249:
Universitas Terbuka 221Most importa
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Universitas Terbuka 223learning mod
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Virtual University ofPakistan22Nave
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Virtual University of Pakistan 227T
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Virtual University of Pakistan 229a
Page 258 and 259:
Wawasan Open University,Malaysia23G
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Wawasan Open University, Malaysia 2
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30. Multimedia Technology31. Teleco
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Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
ReferencesAlexander, B. (2004) Goin
Page 270 and 271:
References 243China Statistical Yea
Page 272 and 273:
References 245and projects. Retriev
Page 274 and 275:
References 247PANl10n.net (2007) PA
Page 276 and 277:
References 249Shimizu, Y. (2006) De
Page 278 and 279:
About the Editors andContributorsEd
Page 280 and 281:
Indexabsorption capacity, of educat
Page 282 and 283:
Index 255software and operational s
Page 284 and 285:
Index 257cofirming user account, 12
Page 286 and 287:
Index 259assignment marking in, 63-
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