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Conceptual Origins 11however, focusing on the use of sophisticated technologies candecrease public access to education. The selection of appropriatetechnologies and the design of learning systems are thereforecrucial in determining the level of openness of a DE system. Conceptually,ODL is a system intended to overcome the constraintsof distance, both temporally and spatially, economic factors, anddemographic limitations, with the ideal of opening up educationalopportunities for all.
Financial Management∗2Tian BelawatiINTRODUCTIONThis chapter presents issues of funding and cost classificationin open and distance learning (ODL), and strategies to generatefinancial resources and budgeting procedures. It gives the particularexample of practices at the Universitas Terbuka (UT—OpenUniversity of Indonesia).Financial management practices are the basis for politicalaccountability in ODL institutions, and for helping decision-makersto choose the most appropriate methods and media. In developingcountries such as Indonesia, the selection of ODL methods is verymuch a political as well as educational matter. ODL is expectedto provide cost-effective solutions to social problems of equalityand access to high-quality education. Studies have shown that anODL system can indeed be as effective as conventional face-toface(f2f) instructional delivery (Beare, 1989). Classic studies ofeducational costs have shown that ODL can actually be cheaperthan f2f education (Laidlaw and Layard, 1974), assuming that asufficiently large amount of teaching/learning resources can beproduced (economies of scale). Thus, financial management ispossibly ODL’s most important aspect.FUNDING AND BUDGETING PROCEDURESAT UNIVERSITAS TERBUKAAs Latchem and Hanna (2001) have stressed, ODL managementrequires sophisticated strategic and financial planning, and an∗ This chapter is based on a paper by the author to the Forum on Open and DistanceLearning: Revisiting planning and management (Penang, February 2006,Educom Asia 12, 1).
Page 2 and 3: List of Abbreviations iPolicy and P
Page 4 and 5: Policy and Practice in AsianDistanc
Page 6 and 7: ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables1.1 The world’s twe
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures2.1 UT’s financial
Page 12 and 13: List of AbbreviationsAAOUACMADLAAIO
Page 14 and 15: List of Abbreviations xiiiIGNOU Ind
Page 16 and 17: List of Abbreviations xvUNDPUNESCOU
Page 18 and 19: ForewordI welcome this volume, the
Page 20 and 21: Foreword xixthen, except perhaps fo
Page 22 and 23: PrefaceThis guidebook has been crea
Page 24 and 25: Preface xxiii• Samtse College of
Page 26 and 27: AcknowledgementsThe PANdora project
Page 28 and 29: Section 1Open and Distance Learning
Page 30 and 31: Conceptual Origins∗1Tian Belawati
Page 32 and 33: Conceptual Origins 5students and th
Page 34 and 35: Conceptual Origins 7industries has
Page 36 and 37: Conceptual Origins 9• an open ent
Page 40 and 41: Financial Management 13entrepreneur
Page 42 and 43: Financial Management 15Figure 2.1 U
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.1 Cost structure of Univers
Page 46 and 47: Financial Management 19Table 2.2 Co
Page 48 and 49: Financial Management 21Development
Page 50 and 51: Financial Management 23UT has never
Page 52 and 53: Financial Management 25expenses are
Page 54 and 55: Associations and Partnerships 27edu
Page 56 and 57: Associations and Partnerships 29Int
Page 58 and 59: Associations and Partnerships 31•
Page 60 and 61: Associations and Partnerships 33AAO
Page 62 and 63: Associations and Partnerships 35•
Page 64 and 65: United States Distance Learning Ass
Page 66 and 67: Section 2Evaluation and Assessment
Page 68 and 69: Cost-effectiveness∗4Tian Belawati
Page 70 and 71: Cost-effectiveness 43decision-makin
Page 72 and 73: Cost-effectiveness 45Figure 4.2 UT
Page 74 and 75: Cost-effectiveness 47If the least-c
Page 76 and 77: Quality Assurance∗5Tian BelawatiI
Page 78 and 79: Quality Assurance 512. The manageme
Page 80 and 81: Quality Assurance 53• China Centr
Page 82 and 83: Quality Assurance 55services to stu
Page 84 and 85: Quality Assurance 579. Continual ev
Page 86 and 87: Quality Assurance 59with us”. The
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Student Assessment 61weaknesses are
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Student Assessment 63ROLE OF MARKED
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Student Assessment 65A major issue
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Student Assessment 67The Item Banki
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E-assessment 69in terms of economic
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E-assessment 71in disciplines invol
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E-assessment 73Social/Ethical Issue
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E-assessment 75consider e-assessmen
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Conducting and ReportingDistance Ed
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Conducting and Reporting Distance E
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7. Descriptive ScalesConducting and
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Section 3Media Usage in Distance Ed
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History of DistanceEducation Media
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History of Distance Education Media
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Print and Audio Production 105will
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Print and Audio Production 107instr
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Print and Audio Production 109scrip
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Print and Audio Production 111The p
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TV/Video Production11Dewi PadmoINTR
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TV/Video Production 1151. Full scri
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TV/Video Production 1171. Single-co
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TV/Video Production 119• Assistan
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TV/Video Production 121Table 11.3 S
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Online Learning Management Systems
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Figure 12.4 Moodle display for conf
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Production of SMS Materials 137of t
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Production of SMS Materials 139d) I
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Production of SMS Materials 141 (fo
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Production of SMS Materials 143requ
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Production of SMS Materials 145Mess
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Section 4Principles of Distance Edu
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Accessibility and Selectionof Dista
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Accessibility and Selection of Dist
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Adult Learning and Instructional De
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Figure 15.3 The systems modelRevise
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Course MaterialDevelopment Strategi
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Course Material Development Strateg
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Box 16.1 The three phases of course
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 181Figur
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2. Outcome and Performance Monitori
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 185for e
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 187persp
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 189the p
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 191activ
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Section 5Examples of Distance Educa
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China Open University(formerly Chin
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China Open University 197In recent
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China Open University 199the CCRTVU
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China Open University 201a unified
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Korea National Open University 203i
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Korea National Open University 205B
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Korea National Open University 207L
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Sukhothai ThammathiratOpen Universi
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Sukhothai Thammathirat Open Univers
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Universitas Terbuka 219lack the opp
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Universitas Terbuka 221Most importa
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Universitas Terbuka 223learning mod
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Virtual University ofPakistan22Nave
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Virtual University of Pakistan 227T
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Virtual University of Pakistan 229a
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Wawasan Open University,Malaysia23G
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Wawasan Open University, Malaysia 2
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30. Multimedia Technology31. Teleco
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ReferencesAlexander, B. (2004) Goin
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References 243China Statistical Yea
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References 245and projects. Retriev
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References 247PANl10n.net (2007) PA
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References 249Shimizu, Y. (2006) De
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About the Editors andContributorsEd
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Indexabsorption capacity, of educat
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Index 255software and operational s
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Index 257cofirming user account, 12
Page 286 and 287:
Index 259assignment marking in, 63-
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