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AcknowledgementsThe PANdora project and editors of this volume are grateful toTan Sri Emeritus Professor Gajaraj Dhanarajan for providing theForeword to this work. Thanks also go to the PANdora researchersfor the practical guidelines contained in their project reports, whichhave been used in the book in their names, and for additionalchapter contributions by:• Buyandelger Batsaikhan (Learning management systems)• Chang Yeul Yang (KNOU report)• Dewi Padmo (Media production)• Kristanti Ambar Puspitasari (Student assessment)• Sana Shams, Sarmad Hussain and Atif Mirza (Gender andoutcome mapping)• Santosh Panda (Instructional design and course development)• Chen Haishan and Li Yawan (CCRTVU report)• STOU <strong>International</strong> Affairs Unit (STOU report)• Ludivica Endang Setijorini and Irma Adnan (UT report)
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Page 2 and 3: List of Abbreviations iPolicy and P
Page 4 and 5: Policy and Practice in AsianDistanc
Page 6 and 7: ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables1.1 The world’s twe
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures2.1 UT’s financial
Page 12 and 13: List of AbbreviationsAAOUACMADLAAIO
Page 14 and 15: List of Abbreviations xiiiIGNOU Ind
Page 16 and 17: List of Abbreviations xvUNDPUNESCOU
Page 18 and 19: ForewordI welcome this volume, the
Page 20 and 21: Foreword xixthen, except perhaps fo
Page 22 and 23: PrefaceThis guidebook has been crea
Page 24 and 25: Preface xxiii• Samtse College of
Page 28 and 29: Section 1Open and Distance Learning
Page 30 and 31: Conceptual Origins∗1Tian Belawati
Page 32 and 33: Conceptual Origins 5students and th
Page 34 and 35: Conceptual Origins 7industries has
Page 36 and 37: Conceptual Origins 9• an open ent
Page 38 and 39: Conceptual Origins 11however, focus
Page 40 and 41: Financial Management 13entrepreneur
Page 42 and 43: Financial Management 15Figure 2.1 U
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.1 Cost structure of Univers
Page 46 and 47: Financial Management 19Table 2.2 Co
Page 48 and 49: Financial Management 21Development
Page 50 and 51: Financial Management 23UT has never
Page 52 and 53: Financial Management 25expenses are
Page 54 and 55: Associations and Partnerships 27edu
Page 56 and 57: Associations and Partnerships 29Int
Page 58 and 59: Associations and Partnerships 31•
Page 60 and 61: Associations and Partnerships 33AAO
Page 62 and 63: Associations and Partnerships 35•
Page 64 and 65: United States Distance Learning Ass
Page 66 and 67: Section 2Evaluation and Assessment
Page 68 and 69: Cost-effectiveness∗4Tian Belawati
Page 70 and 71: Cost-effectiveness 43decision-makin
Page 72 and 73: Cost-effectiveness 45Figure 4.2 UT
Page 74 and 75: Cost-effectiveness 47If the least-c
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Quality Assurance∗5Tian BelawatiI
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Quality Assurance 512. The manageme
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Quality Assurance 53• China Centr
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Quality Assurance 55services to stu
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Quality Assurance 579. Continual ev
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Quality Assurance 59with us”. The
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Student Assessment 61weaknesses are
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Student Assessment 63ROLE OF MARKED
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Student Assessment 65A major issue
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Student Assessment 67The Item Banki
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E-assessment 69in terms of economic
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E-assessment 71in disciplines invol
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E-assessment 73Social/Ethical Issue
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E-assessment 75consider e-assessmen
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Conducting and ReportingDistance Ed
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Conducting and Reporting Distance E
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7. Descriptive ScalesConducting and
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Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
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Section 3Media Usage in Distance Ed
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History of DistanceEducation Media
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History of Distance Education Media
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Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Print and Audio Production 105will
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Print and Audio Production 107instr
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Print and Audio Production 109scrip
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Print and Audio Production 111The p
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TV/Video Production11Dewi PadmoINTR
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TV/Video Production 1151. Full scri
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TV/Video Production 1171. Single-co
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TV/Video Production 119• Assistan
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TV/Video Production 121Table 11.3 S
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Online Learning Management Systems
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Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 12.4 Moodle display for conf
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Production of SMS Materials 137of t
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Production of SMS Materials 139d) I
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Production of SMS Materials 141 (fo
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Production of SMS Materials 143requ
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Production of SMS Materials 145Mess
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Section 4Principles of Distance Edu
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Accessibility and Selectionof Dista
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Accessibility and Selection of Dist
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Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Adult Learning and Instructional De
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Page 188 and 189:
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Figure 15.3 The systems modelRevise
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Course MaterialDevelopment Strategi
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Course Material Development Strateg
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Box 16.1 The three phases of course
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Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Gender and Outcome Mapping 181Figur
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2. Outcome and Performance Monitori
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 185for e
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 187persp
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 189the p
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 191activ
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Section 5Examples of Distance Educa
Page 222 and 223:
China Open University(formerly Chin
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China Open University 197In recent
Page 226 and 227:
China Open University 199the CCRTVU
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China Open University 201a unified
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Korea National Open University 203i
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Korea National Open University 205B
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Korea National Open University 207L
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Sukhothai ThammathiratOpen Universi
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Sukhothai Thammathirat Open Univers
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Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Universitas Terbuka 219lack the opp
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Universitas Terbuka 221Most importa
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Universitas Terbuka 223learning mod
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Virtual University ofPakistan22Nave
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Virtual University of Pakistan 227T
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Virtual University of Pakistan 229a
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Wawasan Open University,Malaysia23G
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Wawasan Open University, Malaysia 2
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30. Multimedia Technology31. Teleco
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Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
ReferencesAlexander, B. (2004) Goin
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References 243China Statistical Yea
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References 245and projects. Retriev
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References 247PANl10n.net (2007) PA
Page 276 and 277:
References 249Shimizu, Y. (2006) De
Page 278 and 279:
About the Editors andContributorsEd
Page 280 and 281:
Indexabsorption capacity, of educat
Page 282 and 283:
Index 255software and operational s
Page 284 and 285:
Index 257cofirming user account, 12
Page 286 and 287:
Index 259assignment marking in, 63-
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