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List of Abbreviations xvUNDPUNESCOUNICEFUNIFEMUSDLAUTVUPVUSSCWANWOUWWWUnited Nations <strong>Development</strong> ProgrammeUnited Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural OrganisationUnited Nations Children’s FundUnited Nations <strong>Development</strong> Fund for WomenUnited States Distance Learning AssociationUniversitas TerbukaVirtual University of PakistanVirtual University for Small States of theCommonwealthWide Area NetworkWawasan Open UniversityWorld-Wide Web
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Page 2 and 3: List of Abbreviations iPolicy and P
Page 4 and 5: Policy and Practice in AsianDistanc
Page 6 and 7: ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables1.1 The world’s twe
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures2.1 UT’s financial
Page 12 and 13: List of AbbreviationsAAOUACMADLAAIO
Page 14 and 15: List of Abbreviations xiiiIGNOU Ind
Page 18 and 19: ForewordI welcome this volume, the
Page 20 and 21: Foreword xixthen, except perhaps fo
Page 22 and 23: PrefaceThis guidebook has been crea
Page 24 and 25: Preface xxiii• Samtse College of
Page 26 and 27: AcknowledgementsThe PANdora project
Page 28 and 29: Section 1Open and Distance Learning
Page 30 and 31: Conceptual Origins∗1Tian Belawati
Page 32 and 33: Conceptual Origins 5students and th
Page 34 and 35: Conceptual Origins 7industries has
Page 36 and 37: Conceptual Origins 9• an open ent
Page 38 and 39: Conceptual Origins 11however, focus
Page 40 and 41: Financial Management 13entrepreneur
Page 42 and 43: Financial Management 15Figure 2.1 U
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.1 Cost structure of Univers
Page 46 and 47: Financial Management 19Table 2.2 Co
Page 48 and 49: Financial Management 21Development
Page 50 and 51: Financial Management 23UT has never
Page 52 and 53: Financial Management 25expenses are
Page 54 and 55: Associations and Partnerships 27edu
Page 56 and 57: Associations and Partnerships 29Int
Page 58 and 59: Associations and Partnerships 31•
Page 60 and 61: Associations and Partnerships 33AAO
Page 62 and 63: Associations and Partnerships 35•
Page 64 and 65: United States Distance Learning Ass
Page 66 and 67:
Section 2Evaluation and Assessment
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Cost-effectiveness∗4Tian Belawati
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Cost-effectiveness 43decision-makin
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Cost-effectiveness 45Figure 4.2 UT
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Cost-effectiveness 47If the least-c
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Quality Assurance∗5Tian BelawatiI
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Quality Assurance 512. The manageme
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Quality Assurance 53• China Centr
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Quality Assurance 55services to stu
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Quality Assurance 579. Continual ev
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Quality Assurance 59with us”. The
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Student Assessment 61weaknesses are
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Student Assessment 63ROLE OF MARKED
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Student Assessment 65A major issue
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Student Assessment 67The Item Banki
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E-assessment 69in terms of economic
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E-assessment 71in disciplines invol
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E-assessment 73Social/Ethical Issue
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E-assessment 75consider e-assessmen
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Conducting and ReportingDistance Ed
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Conducting and Reporting Distance E
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7. Descriptive ScalesConducting and
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Section 3Media Usage in Distance Ed
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History of DistanceEducation Media
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History of Distance Education Media
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Print and Audio Production 105will
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Print and Audio Production 107instr
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Print and Audio Production 109scrip
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Print and Audio Production 111The p
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TV/Video Production11Dewi PadmoINTR
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TV/Video Production 1151. Full scri
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TV/Video Production 1171. Single-co
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TV/Video Production 119• Assistan
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TV/Video Production 121Table 11.3 S
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Online Learning Management Systems
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Figure 12.4 Moodle display for conf
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Production of SMS Materials 137of t
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Production of SMS Materials 139d) I
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Production of SMS Materials 141 (fo
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Production of SMS Materials 143requ
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Production of SMS Materials 145Mess
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Section 4Principles of Distance Edu
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Accessibility and Selectionof Dista
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Accessibility and Selection of Dist
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Page 184 and 185:
Adult Learning and Instructional De
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Figure 15.3 The systems modelRevise
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Course MaterialDevelopment Strategi
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Course Material Development Strateg
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Box 16.1 The three phases of course
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 181Figur
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2. Outcome and Performance Monitori
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 185for e
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 187persp
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 189the p
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 191activ
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Section 5Examples of Distance Educa
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China Open University(formerly Chin
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China Open University 197In recent
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China Open University 199the CCRTVU
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China Open University 201a unified
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Korea National Open University 203i
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Korea National Open University 205B
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Korea National Open University 207L
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Sukhothai ThammathiratOpen Universi
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Sukhothai Thammathirat Open Univers
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Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Universitas Terbuka 219lack the opp
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Universitas Terbuka 221Most importa
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Universitas Terbuka 223learning mod
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Virtual University ofPakistan22Nave
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Virtual University of Pakistan 227T
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Virtual University of Pakistan 229a
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Wawasan Open University,Malaysia23G
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Wawasan Open University, Malaysia 2
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30. Multimedia Technology31. Teleco
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ReferencesAlexander, B. (2004) Goin
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References 243China Statistical Yea
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References 245and projects. Retriev
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References 247PANl10n.net (2007) PA
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References 249Shimizu, Y. (2006) De
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About the Editors andContributorsEd
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Indexabsorption capacity, of educat
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Index 255software and operational s
Page 284 and 285:
Index 257cofirming user account, 12
Page 286 and 287:
Index 259assignment marking in, 63-
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