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Policy and Practice in AsianDistance EducationProduced by the members of thePan Asia Distance Resources Access (PANdora)Network (2005–08)representing institutions in 14 Asian countriesEdited byTian BelawatiandJon BaggaleyForeword byTan Sri Emeritus Professor Gajaraj DhanarajanInternational Development Research CentreOttawa • Cairo • Dakar • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore
Copyright © International Development Research Centre, 2010All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any formor by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, orby any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing fromthe publisher.Jointly published in 2010 bySage Publications India Pvt LtdB1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial AreaMathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, Indiawww.sagepub.inSage Publications Inc2455 Teller RoadThousand Oaks, California 91320, USASage Publications Ltd1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City RoadLondon EC1Y 1SP, United KingdomSage Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd33 Pekin Street#02-01 Far East SquareSingapore 048763International DevelopmentResearch CentreP.O. Box 8500Ottawa, ONCanada K1G 3H9www.idrc.cainfo@idrc.caISBN (e-book) 978-1-55250-503-8Published by Vivek Mehra for Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, typeset in10/12 pt Palatino by Star Compugraphics Private Limited, Delhi and printedat Chaman Enterprises, New Delhi.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPolicy and Practice in Asian Distance Education/edited by Jon Baggaley and TianBelawati.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.1. Distance education—Asia. 2. Distance education—Computer-assistedinstruction. 3. Educational technology—Asia. I. Baggaley, Jon. II. Belawati, Tian.III. International Development Research Centre (Canada)LC5808.A78D57 371.3'59095—dc22 2010 2010040182ISBN: 978-81-321-0562-6 (HB)The Sage Team: Rekha Natarajan, Aniruddha De, Vijay Sah and Deepti Saxena
Page 2 and 3: List of Abbreviations iPolicy and P
Page 6 and 7: ContentsList of TablesList of Figur
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables1.1 The world’s twe
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures2.1 UT’s financial
Page 12 and 13: List of AbbreviationsAAOUACMADLAAIO
Page 14 and 15: List of Abbreviations xiiiIGNOU Ind
Page 16 and 17: List of Abbreviations xvUNDPUNESCOU
Page 18 and 19: ForewordI welcome this volume, the
Page 20 and 21: Foreword xixthen, except perhaps fo
Page 22 and 23: PrefaceThis guidebook has been crea
Page 24 and 25: Preface xxiii• Samtse College of
Page 26 and 27: AcknowledgementsThe PANdora project
Page 28 and 29: Section 1Open and Distance Learning
Page 30 and 31: Conceptual Origins∗1Tian Belawati
Page 32 and 33: Conceptual Origins 5students and th
Page 34 and 35: Conceptual Origins 7industries has
Page 36 and 37: Conceptual Origins 9• an open ent
Page 38 and 39: Conceptual Origins 11however, focus
Page 40 and 41: Financial Management 13entrepreneur
Page 42 and 43: Financial Management 15Figure 2.1 U
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.1 Cost structure of Univers
Page 46 and 47: Financial Management 19Table 2.2 Co
Page 48 and 49: Financial Management 21Development
Page 50 and 51: Financial Management 23UT has never
Page 52 and 53: Financial Management 25expenses are
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Associations and Partnerships 27edu
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Associations and Partnerships 29Int
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Associations and Partnerships 31•
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Associations and Partnerships 33AAO
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Associations and Partnerships 35•
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United States Distance Learning Ass
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Section 2Evaluation and Assessment
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Cost-effectiveness∗4Tian Belawati
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Cost-effectiveness 43decision-makin
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Cost-effectiveness 45Figure 4.2 UT
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Cost-effectiveness 47If the least-c
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Quality Assurance∗5Tian BelawatiI
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Quality Assurance 512. The manageme
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Quality Assurance 53• China Centr
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Quality Assurance 55services to stu
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Quality Assurance 579. Continual ev
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Quality Assurance 59with us”. The
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Student Assessment 61weaknesses are
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Student Assessment 63ROLE OF MARKED
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Student Assessment 65A major issue
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Student Assessment 67The Item Banki
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E-assessment 69in terms of economic
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E-assessment 71in disciplines invol
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E-assessment 73Social/Ethical Issue
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E-assessment 75consider e-assessmen
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Conducting and ReportingDistance Ed
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Conducting and Reporting Distance E
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7. Descriptive ScalesConducting and
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Section 3Media Usage in Distance Ed
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History of DistanceEducation Media
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History of Distance Education Media
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Print and Audio Production 105will
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Print and Audio Production 107instr
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Print and Audio Production 109scrip
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Print and Audio Production 111The p
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TV/Video Production11Dewi PadmoINTR
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TV/Video Production 1151. Full scri
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TV/Video Production 1171. Single-co
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TV/Video Production 119• Assistan
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TV/Video Production 121Table 11.3 S
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Online Learning Management Systems
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Figure 12.4 Moodle display for conf
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Production of SMS Materials 137of t
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Production of SMS Materials 139d) I
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Production of SMS Materials 141 (fo
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Production of SMS Materials 143requ
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Production of SMS Materials 145Mess
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Section 4Principles of Distance Edu
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Accessibility and Selectionof Dista
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Accessibility and Selection of Dist
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Adult Learning and Instructional De
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Figure 15.3 The systems modelRevise
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Course MaterialDevelopment Strategi
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Course Material Development Strateg
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Box 16.1 The three phases of course
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 181Figur
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2. Outcome and Performance Monitori
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 185for e
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 187persp
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 189the p
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Gender and Outcome Mapping 191activ
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Section 5Examples of Distance Educa
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China Open University(formerly Chin
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China Open University 197In recent
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China Open University 199the CCRTVU
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China Open University 201a unified
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Korea National Open University 203i
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Korea National Open University 205B
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Korea National Open University 207L
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Sukhothai ThammathiratOpen Universi
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Sukhothai Thammathirat Open Univers
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Page 244 and 245:
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Universitas Terbuka 219lack the opp
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Universitas Terbuka 221Most importa
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Universitas Terbuka 223learning mod
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Virtual University ofPakistan22Nave
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Virtual University of Pakistan 227T
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Virtual University of Pakistan 229a
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Wawasan Open University,Malaysia23G
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Wawasan Open University, Malaysia 2
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30. Multimedia Technology31. Teleco
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ReferencesAlexander, B. (2004) Goin
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References 243China Statistical Yea
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References 245and projects. Retriev
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References 247PANl10n.net (2007) PA
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References 249Shimizu, Y. (2006) De
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About the Editors andContributorsEd
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Indexabsorption capacity, of educat
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Index 255software and operational s
Page 284 and 285:
Index 257cofirming user account, 12
Page 286 and 287:
Index 259assignment marking in, 63-
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