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Qualitative Evaluation Of Crystal Adhesion During ImplantPlacement In Simulated Bone MediumZach Suttin, BIOMET 3i, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, USABench TestingAbstractThe implant-bone interface experiences shear stress duringimplant placement. The objective of this test was toqualitatively measure whether or not nanometer-scale CaPcrystals discretely bonded to OSSEOTITE ® Implants woulddislodge during placement and removal in a simulated bonematerial. Ti- Alloy and CP Ti OSSEOTITE Implants withdiscretely bonded nanometer-scale CaP crystals were placedin and removed from a simulated bone medium. The implantswere then imaged with a field emission scanning electronmicroscope (FE SEM) to determine if the nanometer-scaleCaP crystals had become dislodged. Based on the imagingresults, it is evident that the nanometer-scale CaP crystals didnot become dislodged during implant placement and removal.Materials• Six (6) nanometer-scale CaP crystal processed Ti-Alloy4mm TG FOSS CaP implants (Control #P-84 / Batch #115-68-B)• Six (6) nanometer-scale CaP crystal processed CP Ti 4mmTG FOSS CaP Implants (Control #P-83 / Batch #115-68-B)• 3740 LAST-A-FOAM ®• Medium stiffness toothbrushSTEP 1: Eight (8) blind holes in the 3740 LAST-A-FOAM weredrilled using a 3.25mm twist drill.Figure 1: 3740 LAST-A-FOAM with eight (8) 3.25mm blind holesSTEP 2: Four (4) implants from each group were screwedinto one of the blind holes and then removed.MethodsThe two groups of six (6) implants were used in the experimentas follows:1) Control2) Brush3) Polymer4) Polymer + Brush (1)5) Polymer + Brush (2)6) Polymer + Brush (3)Figure 2: An implant placed in and then removed from a blind holeSTEP 3: Three (3) of the four (4) implants from each groupwhich were screwed into the bone were lightly brushed toremove the polymeric debris.Two of the implants in each group (1 & 2) were not screwedinto the simulated bone medium. The number (1) implantwas used as a control and the number (2) implant was usedto determine if the toothbrush alone would remove the CaPcrystals. Four of the implants from each group (3, 4, 5 & 6)were screwed into and removed from the simulated bonemedium. Implants (4), (5) and (6) were then brushed to tryand remove the simulated bone medium (polymeric material).The number (3) implant was not brushed off so it could beused for comparison to the other implants.Figure 3: An implant placed in a fixture for brushing and thenremoved9
STEP 4: The implants were then imaged using a FESEM atthe apical (in red) and coronal (in green) aspects. The imageswere taken on surfaces at a 45 degree angle relative to theelectron beam direction. The FESEM imaging was performedby Materials Analytical Services, Inc. in Raleigh, NC.Figure 4: Location of acquired FESEM imagesResultsBelow is an example of a 100kX image for the apical andcoronal aspects of one of the twelve (12) implants:“polymer + brush” implants, but it turned out to be difficultto remove the polymer with the brush in most instances.Another difference is that polymeric material can be seenin the “Ti-Alloy + Polymer + Brush (1)” coronal image. Soin this one case some polymeric material agglomerated inthe coronal aspect of the implant (as opposed to just theapical aspect) as well.ConclusionThis assay indicates qualitatively that nanometer-scale CaPcrystals discretely bonded to OSSEOTITE ® Implant surfaceswill not become dislodged during implant placement.Although the nanometer-scale CaP crystals could not be seenon the apical aspect post screw in/out, it is reasonable toassume that the crystals have been covered by the polymer(instead of being sheared off by the polymer) in this area.This argument is supported by considering the image of theapical aspect from the “CP Ti polymer + brush (1)” implant.Ti-Alloy + PolymerApicalCoronalObservations• The “control” implant images show nanometer-scale CaPcrystals in both the apical and coronal aspects.• The “brush” implant images show nanometer-scale CaPcrystals in both the apical and coronal aspects. Thebrushing, therefore, did not remove the nanometer-scaleCaP crystals.• The “polymer” implant images show nanometer-scale CaPcrystals at the coronal aspect and not at the apical aspect.The polymer, therefore, agglomerated at the apical aspectduring implant placement (meaning that the nanometerscaleCaP crystals sheared/collected the polymer). Thenanometer-scale CaP crystals in the coronal aspect did notshear the polymeric material as much as in the apicalaspect since the threads in the coronal aspect are justfollowing the geometry created by the apical threads versusshearing the simulated bone medium.• The “polymer + brush” implant images were similar to the“polymer” implant images. One difference is that in the “CPTi polymer + brush (1)” images the nanometer-scale CaPcrystals in both the apical and coronal aspects can be seen.It was anticipated that this would be the case for all10
Page 1 and 2: Research DossierThe NanoTite Implan
Page 3 and 4: Table Of ContentsSurface Characteri
Page 5 and 6: 0, by JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ) f
Page 7 and 8: Adhesion Shear Strength Of Nanomete
Page 9: Materials• Three (3) nanometer-sc
Page 13 and 14: statistically significant higher de
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5Figure 6 Figure 7Results An
Page 17 and 18: Discrete Calcium Phosphate Nanocrys
Page 19 and 20: Overview: Studies In ProgressThe fo
Page 21 and 22: Manuscript Authors:Operative Unit o
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