ApolloThe preparation, h<strong>and</strong>ling, <strong>and</strong> consumption ofspace foods during the Mercury <strong>and</strong> Gemini missionsprovided valuable experience for the furtherdevelopment of space foods for future space flights. TheApollo program used food packages similar to those usedon Gemini, but the variety of foods was considerablygreater. Rehydratable food was encased in a plastic containerreferred to as the spoon bowl. Water was injectedinto the package through the nozzle of a water gun.After the food was rehydrated, a pressure-type plasticzipper was opened, <strong>and</strong> the food was removed with aspoon. The moisture content allowed the food to cling tothe spoon, making eating more like that on Earth.Another new package, the wetpack or thermostabilizedflexible pouch, required no water for rehydration becausewater content was retained in the food. There were twotypes of thermostabilized containers: a flexible pouch ofa plastic <strong>and</strong> aluminum foil laminate <strong>and</strong> a can with a fullpanel pullout lid. A disadvantage to the canned productswas the added weight, which was approximately fourtimes that of rehydratable foods. With these new packages,Apollo astronauts could see <strong>and</strong> smell what theywere eating as well as eat with a spoon for the first timein space. This added enjoyment to the meals, which wasmissing in the earlier packages <strong>and</strong> products. The storagespace for the new packaging allowed for one week sworth of rations for one astronaut to fit in a pressureresistantcontainer the size of three shoe boxes.The Apollo missions to the Moon presented an enormouschallenge to space food. The Mercury feeding tube wasreintroduced as a backup food system. It contained a specialformulation rather than the naturalfood purees used duringMercury. On Apollo flights, foods<strong>and</strong> drinks were reconstituted witheither hot or ambient (room temperature)water. Some of the foods consumedon Apollo were coffee, baconsquares, cornflakes, scrambled eggs,cheese crackers, beef s<strong>and</strong>wiches,chocolate pudding, tuna salad,peanut butter, beef pot roast,spaghetti, <strong>and</strong> frankfurters.A close-up view of an Apollo spoon bowl packagebefore rehydration <strong>and</strong> opening. This package wascalled a “spoon bowl” to differentiate it from Gemini<strong>and</strong> early Apollo food packages, which required thatfood be squeezed from a tube directly into the mouth.This type of package resulted in significant improvementsin food consumption <strong>and</strong> crew comfort withfood. Hot water was injected to rehydrate the food.The top of the container was opened with a pair ofscissors, <strong>and</strong> the meal was eaten with a spoon.Apollo meal wrap.Visit http://spacelink.nasa.gov/space.food to see <strong>and</strong> download theApollo <strong>Food</strong> List.These Apollo spoon bowl partsshow the complexity <strong>and</strong> engineeringthat went into the earlier yearsof space flight food packaging.4 • <strong>Space</strong> <strong>Food</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Nutrition</strong> An Educator’s Guide With Activities in Science <strong>and</strong> Mathematics, EG-1999-02-115-HQ
SkylabThe dining experience on Skylab was unlike anyother space flight. The Skylab laboratory had afreezer, refrigerator, warming trays, <strong>and</strong> a table.Eating a meal on Skylab was more like eating a meal athome. The major difference was the microgravity environment.This Skylab food tray had individual recessed compartmentsinto which the canned food item wasplaced for heating. At meal time, the crew memberselected the meal <strong>and</strong> placed the items to bewarmed in the food tray.The supply of food onboard was sufficient to feed threeastronauts for approximately 112 days. The menu wasdesigned to meet each individual astronaut s daily nutritionalrequirements based on age, body weight, <strong>and</strong> anticipatedactivity. Each astronaut s caloric intake was 2,800calories a day. These nutritional requirements were partof the life science experiments conducted on Skylab.Skylab foods were packaged in specialized containers.The rehydratable beverages were packaged in a collapsibleaccordion-like beverage dispenser. All other foodswere packaged in aluminum cans of various sizes orrehydratable packages.To prepare meals, the Skylab crew placed desired foodpackages into the food warmer tray. This was the firstdevice capable of heating foods (by means of conduction)during space flight. <strong>Food</strong>s consisted of productssuch as ham, chili, mashed potatoes, ice cream, steak,<strong>and</strong> asparagus.Visit http://spacelink.nasa.gov/space.food to see <strong>and</strong>download the Skylab <strong>Food</strong> List.Skylab <strong>Astronaut</strong> Owen K. Garriott eating in the Skylabdining area.<strong>Space</strong> <strong>Food</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Nutrition</strong> An Educator’s Guide With Activities in Science <strong>and</strong> Mathematics, EG-1999-02-115-HQ • 5