Note: Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. Aguayo, marqués ...

indexNatchez Indians, 113Natchitoches, 113, 119, 120–21, 124, 130,138, 139Nations of the North, 157, 163, 165, 168,171Navajo Indians, 10, 94, 100, 105, 146,171–73, 175Neah Bay (Washington), 211Neutral Ground Agreement, 216Neve, Felipe de, 168, 191–92New Mexico: Anglo-American explorationof, 215; as colony of theCrown, 65, 68; as consuming Spanishrevenue, 65–66, 81, 133, 155; efforts toreconquer Pueblos in, 102–5, 115, 126;farming and ranching in, 175; Frenchas threat to Spanish, 110, 125–28;Indian labor in, 91–99; Indian landin, 221–22; Indian resistance in,100–105, 109; memories of Spanishpast in, 252–53; missions and missionariesin, 66–74, 77, 79, 81–85, 87,98, 99, 146, 157; presidios in, 67,153–57, 154, 155, 158, 160, 161, 164; slaveryin, 95, 98; Spanish colonies’demise in, 90–91, 99–105; Spanishexploration of, 14, 17, 39; Spanish settlementof, 50, 57–64, 67, 158; tradein, 147–48; United States seizes, fromMexico, 245. See also Pueblo IndiansNew Orleans (Louisiana), 2, 131, 139;Spanish landmarks in, 1–2, 233, 234,247, 256; Spanish ownership of,149–51, 196, 198New Spain: and administration of interiorprovinces of North America, 65,156, 157, 163, 166–68, 174, 177, 189, 200,219–20; defenses of, 155–57, 212, 216;explorations from, 60; French interestin, 110, 116, 120; immigrants from,230; mining in, 59, 95, 110, 111, 116,144–45, 202; northern boundary disputesof, 211–13, 214, 215–16, 218,219–20; population of, 146, 201; proposalsto exterminate Indians in, 56;as prosperous Spanish colony, 202;1810 rebellion in, 219; repartimientoin, 94; Spanish opportunities in, 236;trade goods for, 132New World: first encounters in, 26–47;missionaries as primary agents forexploration and pacification in, 60,61, 72, 81–83, 113, 191, 206, 226; socialstatus in Spanish, 236–40; Spain’sclaims to, 10, 18–20, 44, 53, 81, 106,112; Spanish influence on, 221–24, 259.See also Frontier; North AmericaNixoras, 226Niza, Marcos de (fray), 36–37Nogales presidio (Vicksburg), 235Nootka Convention, 210–11Nootka Sound, 185, 210North America: defined, 6; Spain’sempire in, 3, 243. See also Explorers;Frontier; Indians; Missionaries; NewWorld; Soldiers; Specific places inNorthwest Passage, 54. See also Asia:Spain’s search for new way toNovick, Peter, 264Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe mission(Ciudad Juárez), 68, 73, 102Nuestra Señora de la Bahía de EspírituSanto presidio (Texas), 125, 145, 146,160, 164, 239Nuestra Señora de la Luz deOrcoquisac mission (Texas), 138Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaespresidio (Louisiana), 124, 125, 130–33,145, 146, 155–56, 165, 215Nuevo Santander, 145290