Note: Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. Aguayo, marqués ...

indexSpanish-American War (1898), 247, 249Spanish language (Castilian), 15, 16, 79,101, 120, 151, 221, 222, 225Spanish revival architecture, 256–58Squash (gourds), 17, 40, 63, 113, 232Strait of Anián, 54Taos Pueblo, 67, 100, 101, 132Taovaya Indians, 143Tarabal, Sebastián, 185, 187Tascaloosa (Choctaw chief ), 42Technology, 22–23. See also Metal;WeaponsTennessee, 41, 206Tenochtitlán, 25, 33Terrenate presidio, 155, 164–65Tewa villages (New Mexico), 100Texas, 140; as failing to attract Spanishcolonists, 144; farming and ranching’sexpansion in, 175; French in, 109–12,124–26, 130–31, 141; memories ofSpanish past in, 244–47; missionariesin, 113, 115, 119–20, 141–43, 158; missionsin, 115, 121, 122, 124, 132, 138, 141–43, 192,237; naming of, 113; presidios in, 107,121, 122, 124–25, 125, 138, 142–43, 145,146, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164–66, 189,239; Spanish explorers in, 26, 30, 36,39, 43, 236; Spanish outposts in, 112–13,114, 119–21; Spanish reclaiming of, 124;and Spanish trade, 132; United States’claims to, 213, 215–16, 218–19, 245–47.See also Specific places inTexas and the Texians (Foote), 246–47Thomas, Alfred Barnaby, 259Timucuan Indians, 41, 42, 49, 56, 74, 75,76, 80, 86, 100Timucuan mission (Florida), 74, 100,106, 107Tonkawa Indians, 142Tovar, Pedro de, 37Towns. See SettlementsTrade: Anglo-American, 202, 242; controlof, as more important than territory,134; English, in New World, 131,133–36, 165–66, 207, 209; French, inNew World, 107, 108, 119, 121, 126–27,130–31, 133–35, 138–43, 147–48, 206–7;illegal, 66, 119, 131–33, 147, 150, 151,165, 196, 206–7, 216, 219; with Indiansas key to New World control, during18th century, 131, 135, 141; Spanish,with French, 206–7; Spanish, withIndians, 135, 147, 168–71, 174, 175, 196,200, 205, 216, 225; Spanish restrictionson, 131–33, 141, 145, 150, 151, 202,211, 216. See also Fur trade; TradegoodsTrade goods: English use of, withIndians, 106–8, 130; French use of,with Indians, 107, 108, 121, 126, 130,131, 134, 141–43, 148; Spain’s lack of,131–33, 141, 175; Spain’s use of, withIndians, 172, 208–9. See also Gifts;Specific trade goodsTrade routes: to California, 107, 165,184, 185, 186, 187; development of new,175; of fur trade, 139, 141; Indian, 17,23; official Spanish overland, 132, 141,148, 155. See also Santa Fe TrailTreaties: as cornerstone of new Indianpolicy, 170–71, 208, 209Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 136Treaty of Fontainebleau, 148–49Treaty of Nogales, 209Treaty of Paris (1763), 149, 150, 205Treaty of Paris (1783), 205Treaty of Ryswick, 115–16Treaty of San Lorenzo del Escorial,211–12296