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indexHasinai people, 113, 115, 119–21, 141, 142Havana. See CubaHavasupai Indians, 187Hawikku, 13–16, 15, 23, 37Henry, Patrick, 197Hezeta, Bruno de, 194Hidalgo, Francisco fray, 109, 119, 120Hispanophobia, 6, 244–47, 258, 263History: recreating, on its own terms,7–9; versions of Spain’s New World,243–64History of Florida (Fairbanks), 253Hohokam peoples, 17–18Holland, 118, 123, 177Hopi Pueblo, 37, 73, 104, 187, 224Horses: in California, 190; Indians’raids on, 157, 161; Indians’ uses of, 82,158, 222, 225; Spanish, as trade item,131, 147; Spanish introduction of, 5,10, 23–24, 37, 40, 46, 77, 222, 228Hoxie, Frederick, 18Huguenots. See ProtestantsHunting, fishing, and gathering, 17, 75,85, 232I’berville, Pierre LeMoyne, Sieur d’, 116Illinois country, 139, 147, 151, 197Immigration policies (Spanish), 206,207–8, 216Indian labor, 10–11, 28, 45, 66, 234; andassimilation, 94, 226; difficulty ofexploiting, 56, 97, 131, 133, 137; Englishrationalization of, 107; Indian resistancelinked to, 90, 91, 99–105; andmissionaries, 67, 71, 86, 90–99, 107,165; Spanish colonies’ dependenceon, 91–94, 97–99, 233. See alsoSlavery; SlavesIndians: alleged benefits of submissionto Spain by, 58; Anglo-Americans asthreat to, 208, 212; Cabeza de Vacaamong, 36; in California, 183, 192,226; captive, 28, 41, 94–95; “civilizing”(Hispanicizing) of, 76–78, 81, 88, 94;converted, as Spain’s responsibility,66; disease as killing, 5, 8–9, 24–25,28, 46, 71, 86–88, 115, 143, 192, 222–23,225, 228–29; efforts to re-make, astax-paying town-dwellers, 72, 78, 81,189, 226; English relations with, 10,86, 91, 92, 106, 109, 118, 134, 136, 139;European trade with, as key to NewWorld control, 131, 135, 141; Frenchrelations with, 110, 111–12, 118, 134, 139;humane treatment of, urged bySpanish monarchs, 7, 56, 59–60, 63,72, 92, 95–96, 159; as influence onSpanish institutions, 10–11, 241;memory of historical past of, 261,263; as outnumbering Spaniards inNorth America, 70, 200–201, 205;relations of, with other tribes, 84–86,91, 93, 94, 100, 105, 106, 126–27, 142 ,146, 156–58, 163, 168, 170–75, 208–9,212, 215–16; relations with Spaniards,as deterrent to Spanish expansion,55–56, 141–43, 194, 263; as resistingEnglish colonists, 92; as resistingSpanish missionaries and soldiers, 10,12, 15, 16, 39, 41, 47, 54–57, 55, 63–64,74, 77, 83–89, 99–105, 115, 120, 137,141–43, 157, 158, 179, 183–84, 189; asslaves, 56, 57, 94–97, 106, 107, 157,225; Spain’s attempts to win over,through trade, 168–71, 196, 200;Spain’s authorization of force against,56–57, 159–63, 166, 167–68, 170–73;Spaniards’ early dependence on,10–12, 39–40, 49, 58–59, 63, 74, 76, 78,91–94, 97–99, 119, 131, 183, 233;286
indexSpanish gifts to, 78, 83, 86, 121,169–71, 173–75, 187, 208, 216; Spanishhunters of slaves among, 16, 28–32,36, 41, 95, 157, 188; Spanish influenceon,5,10, 75–77, 221–24; in Spanishsocial order, 236–37; Spanish treatmentof, 6–8, 16, 39, 41, 56, 59, 63–64,83, 90–99, 157, 163, 173, 174, 183–84,189, 192, 238–40, 253; at their initialencounters with Spaniards, 16–18. Seealso Agriculture; Indian labor; Land;Languages; Missionaries; Missions;Pagans; Population; Soldiers;Women (Indian); Specific IndiangroupsIndies, 65, 81, 112, 177, 179, 191Indios bárbaros, 158, 159, 168, 173. Seealso Apache Indians; ComancheIndiansIndios de depósito, 94–95Inquisition, 99Instructions of 1786, 168Ipai Indians, 184Irving, Washington, 247Isabel (Queen of Spain), 18–20Iturbide, Agustín de, 218, 219Jackson, Andew, 218Jackson, Helen Hunt, 248Jamaica, 28Jamestown (Virginia), 64, 65, 74, 92Jefferson, Thomas, 213, 215Jekyll Island, 106Jémez Pueblo, 100, 223Jesuits, 54, 55, 74, 132, 224, 232; expulsionof, 180, 181, 185Jiménez, Fortún, 34José (King of Spain: Joseph Bonaparte),203, 216Juárez (Mexico). See Ciudad JuárezKadohadacho confederacy, 113Kansas City, 257, 258Karankawa Indians, 111–12, 115Kentucky, 201, 206Key Indians, 225Key West (Florida), 5King George’s War, 136King William’s War, 115Kiowa Indians, 226Kubler, George, 249Lafora, Nicolás de, 155, 156, 161Land: Anglo-Americans’ threats toSpanish, 199–203, 211–19; availabilityof, to Europeans due to Indians’ diseases,47, 228–29; encomenderos’seizure of Indians’, 93, 236; Europeanrituals for claiming, 29, 58; Indianviews of, 17; missionaries’, 98; questionof pope’s authority to distribute,53; royal permission needed toexplore and settle, 59–60; Spain’sacquisition of New World, comparedto imperial rivals’, 134; Spanishimpact on New World’s, 227–29, 241;threats to Indian, 212, 221–23. See alsoEnvironment; Indians; Missionaries;Settlements; SoldiersLanguages: Spaniards’ learning ofIndian, 44–45, 79, 120; variety of, inSpain, 18; variety of Indian, 17, 74,100, 101. See also Spanish languageLaredo (Texas), 145La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieurde, 29, 110–13, 115, 124–26León, Alonso de, 111–13, 115Leslie, John, 209, 216Leturiondo, Alonso de, 130Lewis, Meriwether, 213, 215Linares, duque de, 120287
Page 7: index66, 74-77, 82-85, 87, 97, 99,
Page 12 and 13: indexNatchez Indians, 113Natchitoch
Page 14 and 15: indexPortugal, 19, 180Posada, Alfon
Page 16 and 17: indexSanta Catalina Island, 34, 106
Page 18 and 19: indexSpanish-American War (1898), 2
Page 20: index“Wild Geese,” 164Wilkinson

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