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indexSanta Catalina Island, 34, 106Santa Cruz de la Cañada (NewMexico), 146, 229Santa Cruz de San Sabá mission(Texas), 142–43Santa Cruz mission (California), 194Santa Elena (South Carolina), 53–55, 57,67, 232, 236Santa Fe (New Mexico), 215, 248;French traders near, 126–27; Indiansin, 102, 104; missionaries in, 69–72,81, 98; presidio at, 155, 158, 160, 161,164; Spanish landmarks in, 2, 3, 233,252; Spanish settlement of, 59, 67, 68,146, 235; trade in, 132, 147–48; trails to,61, 148, 175, 187–88, 215Santa Fe Festival, 253, 254Santa Fe Railroad, 252Santa Fe Trail, 61, 148, 175, 215Santo Domingo island (later, Haiti),111, 116, 152Santo Domingo Pueblo (New Mexico),58San Xavier del Bac mission (Arizona),2, 4, 185, 233, 236Seloy (Florida Indian village), 49Seminole Indians. See Creek IndiansLas Serges de Esplandián (Ordóñez deMontalvo), 34Seri Indians, 179Serra, Junípero (fray), 181–83, 192Settlements (towns): in California, 190,193; civilian, and Indian labor, 11–12;French trading posts in Indian, 139;Indian, 13–17, 40, 48–49, 58–59, 70,74–76, 76, 113; segregation in Spanish,81, 142, 191–92, 226; Spaniards asmoving into Indian, 49, 58–59, 74, 76,78, 92; Spanish, 10–12, 31–32, 121, 131,233–34; transformation of Apachesinto dwellers of, 173; transformationof Indian, due to disease, 46–47, 83.See also Missions; Villa(s); Specifictowns and pueblosSeven Years’ War, 149, 155, 159, 195, 200Sexual behavior: of Indians, 54, 69, 79,84, 87; of missionaries, 70, 79, 84, 87,99; of soldiers, 82, 142, 183, 192,238–40Shawnee Indians, 205, 216Sheep, 5, 10, 77, 222, 228, 232Ships and boats: American, 207; bountyfrom sunken, 51, 53; California as usefulto, from Philippines, 62; French,49; pirate attacks on, 51, 62; Spanish,23, 24, 31, 33–35, 40, 43, 61, 65, 110, 118,132, 133, 181–82, 194, 206; Spanish,forbidden to land in Gulf ports, 132,141Silver, 14, 21–22, 41, 54, 59, 92, 110, 133,134, 144, 147Slavery, 8, 20, 91, 95. See also Indianlabor; SlavesSlaves: black, 16, 31, 67, 95, 135–37, 139,198, 201; English hunters of Indian,86, 106; Esteban as, 16, 36; European,36; fugitive, 205, 216; Indians as,94–96, 107, 157, 225; Indians’ use of,95; selling of Indians as, 56, 57, 95, 97,106; Spanish hunters of Indian, 16,28–32, 36, 41, 95, 157, 188; trade in, inNew Mexico, 147. See also IndianlaborSmallpox, 24, 25, 86, 115Smuggling. See Trade: illegalSola, Vicente, 219Soldados de cuera, 161, 162, 167, 195Soldiers (Spanish): in California, 190;clothing of, 13, 14, 16, 161, 162, 167,195; dissatisfaction among, 63, 66–67,294
index162; in Florida, 93, 116–17, 158, 205,237–38; as helpless against Apaches,155; about horses, 24; Indians asresisting missionaries and, 10, 12, 15,16, 39, 41, 47, 54–57, 55, 63–64, 74, 77,83–89, 99–105, 115, 120, 137, 141–43,157, 158, 179, 183–84, 189; inefficiencyand reform of, 158–59, 162, 164,167–68, 174, 177, 179, 202; missionariesand, 81–84, 115, 180; in New Mexico,147; requests for more, 167, 168; socialmobility of, 237–38; in Texas, 146;treatment of Indians by, 10, 16, 39, 41,56, 59, 63–64, 99, 157, 163, 173, 174,183–84, 192, 253. See also PresidiosSouth Carolina, 139; English raiders onFlorida from, 105–7, 109, 118, 129, 131;expansion of, 108, 135, 137; French settlementsin, 53, 54; Indian attacks on,123; missions and missionaries in, 74,75; Spanish exploration of, 31, 41;Spanish settlement of, 53–55, 57, 67,232, 236Spain: animals, grasses, and diseasesintroduced by, 5, 10, 23–25, 86; architecturalevidence of, in NorthAmerica, 1–4, 233–35, 249–52, 253,254–56; benefits to Indians of submittingto, 58; and Catholic Church,15, 81, 97–99, 180; claims of, to NorthAmerica, 10, 18–20, 44, 53, 65, 81, 106,112; considers abandoning its colonizationefforts, 65, 66; Crown of, asadministering interior provinces ofNew Spain, 167–68, 174; differentpolicies of, for different NorthAmerican regions, 166; expenses ofNorth American empire of, 65, 81,133, 135, 137, 144, 146, 149, 151; geographicnames from, 4–5, 241, 247,257; Indian policies of, 7, 15, 19–20, 54,56–57, 63, 70–72, 81, 82, 92, 95–96,159–63, 166–73, 191, 192, 196, 200,208–9, 222, 226; Indian visitors to, 31,54; influence of, on Indians, 5, 10, 73,75–77, 94, 221–27; legacy of, as lingeringin American historical memory,243–64; length of time and extent ofits North American empire, 3; loss ofNorth American empire by, 3,199–220, 264; maps of exploration by,44, 62, 111; policies of, toward imperialrivals, 112–17; religious conversionas a New World goal of, 15, 19–20, 54,56, 59, 70–71, 81, 191, 192, 226; asrequiring missionaries to learnIndian languages, 79; restrictive commercialpolicies of, 131–33, 141, 145,150, 151, 202, 211, 216; as seeking toinclude Indians in settlements establishedby, 10; strengthening of NorthAmerican presidios by, 153–75; trialsin, for crimes against Indians, 39, 98;unification of, 18–19; war of, withEngland, 168, 189, 194, 195–97, 202–3;war of, with United States, 247, 249.See also England; Explorers; France;Missionaries; New Spain; NewWorld; Soldiers; Spaniards; Specificmonarchs and representatives ofSpaniards: alleged racial superiority of,19, 20, 70, 76–77, 159, 192, 237; as badinfluence on Indians, 79, 81, 82, 87, 99,142, 173, 183, 192, 238; culture of, attheir first encounter with Indians,18–22, 24; English and Anglo-American views of, 244; Indian influenceon, 229–36; as a term, 5. See alsoCatholicism; Explorers; Missionaries;Soldiers; Specific individuals295
Page 7 and 8: index66, 74-77, 82-85, 87, 97, 99,
Page 9 and 10: indexSpanish gifts to, 78, 83, 86,
Page 12 and 13: indexNatchez Indians, 113Natchitoch
Page 14 and 15: indexPortugal, 19, 180Posada, Alfon
Page 18 and 19: indexSpanish-American War (1898), 2
Page 20: index“Wild Geese,” 164Wilkinson

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