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index66, 74–77, 82–85, 87, 97, 99, 100, 136,157, 225; in historical memory, 250,253; and Indian labor, 97–99, 145;Indian resistance to, 99–107, 141–43;Indians’ perceptions of, 83–87; inNew Mexico, 66–68, 70–74, 77, 79,81–85, 87, 146; seek French help forTexas missions, 119–20Francis I (King of France), 32, 53Freeman, Thomas, 213Freitas, Nicolás de (fray), 69French and Indian War. See SevenYears’ WarFronteras presidio, 155Frontier (Spanish North American), 52;control of, as subject to Europeanevents, 148–52, 168, 202–3, 210–12,216–17; cultural transformation along,11, 85, 110, 221–42; different officialpolicies for different parts of, 208; hindrancesto expansion of, 55–56, 131,141–43, 146, 194, 263; in historicalmemory, 243–64; Indian labor as foundationof colonies on, 91; military conquestof, prohibited by monarchs, 82;missionaries as primary agents forexploration and pacification on, 60, 61,72, 81–83, 113, 191, 206, 226; official corruptionon, 96–97, 162; as opportunityfor social mobility, 236–39; as a placeof contention for power and resources,11; presidios’ ascendency over missionson, 157–59, 166, 174, 177; as a process ofexpansion and contraction, 9–10, 137,148–51, 155, 163, 165, 175, 177, 196–97,200, 210–12; sovereignty over, onlyguaranteed by occupation, 211; astranscontinental, 176–98. See alsoContention; Indian labor; Indians;Missionaries; Settlements; SoldiersFuentes, Francisco de, 99Fur trade, 106, 134, 137–39, 141, 147, 151,188, 206, 207, 210Gálvez, Bernardo de, 153, 169, 170, 174,196–97, 221, 239Gálvez, José de, 163, 167–71, 174, 177,180–82, 184, 189, 191, 194, 196, 202Garcés, Francisco (fray), 185, 187–90, 194Gassiot, Juan, 199Gayoso, Manuel de, 208, 239Genízaros, 226Georgia: English in, 135–37, 137; Indiansin, 205; memories of Spanish past in,254–56, 259; Spaniards in, 31–32, 41,74, 75Gibraltar, 133, 195, 198Gifts, 41; to Indians from Spaniards, 78,83, 86, 121, 169–71, 173–75, 187, 208,216. See also Trade goodsGodoy, Manuel, 202, 211, 212Gold, 14, 21–22, 28–29, 41, 44, 92, 132,144; absence of, as deterrent toSpanish expansion, 55, 133, 134Goliad (Texas), 246Gomes, Estevâo, 32González, Manuel, 226Grand Canyon, 37–38Great Northern Revolt, 102Greene, Jack, 202Grimaldi, marqués de, 179Guale mission (Florida), 74, 75, 85, 100,106, 107, 109, 135Guns. See WeaponsGutiérrez, Ramón, 7, 84Haiti. See Santo Domingo islandHapsburg monarchy, 108, 117. See alsoSpecific monarchsHarte, Bret, 248285