a compliance study of Bangladesh shrimp aquaculture - The United ...

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SerajTable 4: Price variation of penaed shrimp observed in USA market. The price of samegrade shrimp differs according to its origin of production. Shrimp from Bangladesh issold at a lower price than shrimp from Vietnam, India or Thailand (Anderson et al.2005).Size (Shrimpcounts/Lbs.)Price (US$/Lb.)Thailand Bangladesh Vietnam India13/15 - 6.1 6.4 6.2516/20 6.15 5.7 5.9 5.821/25 5.35 4.7 4.95 4.826/30 4.8 4.55 4.65 4.6531/40 3.6 3.3 3.45 3.45The price list of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) of Triton Foods, an importer and seafoodtrader in southern California, USA, published on The Shrimp News International on 31October, 2008 shows that the price of Bangladeshi shrimp is lower than that of Vietnam(Manfredi 2008) (Table 5).Table 5: Price discrimination of Triton Foods, California, USA between tiger shrimpsfrom Bangladesh and Vietnam (HLSO = Headless Shell-on. PTO = Peeled and Deveined,Tail-on).Size (Shrimp counts/ Lb.)Price (US$/Lb.)HLSOVietnamHLSOBangladeshPTOVietnamPTOBangladesh8/12 7.95 7.85 9.3013/15 6.10 5.95 7.1016/20 4.95 4.65 5.6021/25 3.95 3.50 4.70 4.45The price inequity of Bangladeshi shrimp as compared to shrimp from other countries may bedue to weak marketing strategies and the negative image that Bangladeshi shrimp aquaculturemay not be environmentally sustainable. The culture system is still extensive with very littleinputs (eg. supplementary feed) used in few cases so the shrimp is a nearly natural product.During the 1990’s several national and international media sources, a few researchers andnon-government organizations asserted that Bangladeshi shrimp farms destroyed mangroveforests, degraded natural habitat of fish and other aquatic fauna, and threatened biodiversity(Deb, 1998). There were conflicts between the rice farmers and shrimp growers regarding theuse of land as rice field or shrimp ponds. Subsequently, the EU imposed a ban on importingshrimp from Bangladesh in 1997. To overcome the disaster in the shrimp farming sector andto comply with EU demands, Bangladesh adopted several measures immediately after the banin order to rebuild trust in the EU. This was successful and after five months the ban waslifted, upon satisfactory progress in the safety and quality assurance system.Since the improvement drive started soon after the ban of 1997, the total process, planningand strategies have been developed in such a way that there was no serious deviation reportedby the EU and the USA for the last 10 years. Bangladeshi shrimp farmers are nowimplementing the accepted HACCP method throughout processing; traceability of productthrough the aquaculture operation, and they have facilitated quality assurance by havingmodern instruments installed in quality control laboratories. Many social problems also haveUNU-Fisheries Training Programme 4
Serajbeen overcome (Alam et al. 2005). But still there are claims of discrimination against womenworkers, use of child labour, and some other health, environmental and social issues.Antibiotics and pesticide residues are also found in some shrimp products.Consumers in the developed world are increasingly becoming more conscious about theenvironmental and social responsibility of production process as well as food quality and foodsafety. They want to know such details as the origin of the shrimp, the environments in whichit was produced, who produced it, how safe it is, and if the harvesting and managementprocess are detrimental to the environment. In fact, they want environmentally and sociallyresponsible and safe products. The demand for environmentally friendly or ethical productswas inspired by environmental groups and NGOs and governments are formulating rulesregarding it. Recent legislation in both Europe and the USA require mandatory identificationof the source of the product, in terms of whether it is from capture or aquaculture (FAO2007b).In recent years, many different types of products are coming to market that bearenvironmental labels that have indications of the production process and producer’senvironmental and social policies for the consumers. Certification and ecolabelling wasintroduced to capture fisheries several years ago. A number of ecolabelling schemes areprevailing for marine fisheries management. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is thepioneer scheme in fisheries management. It is likely that aquaculture producers have adaptedto consumers concerns on environmental issues regarding aquaculture production. In severalcountries, aquaculture producers are introducing environmental certification and labelling ofaquaculture products in order to assure the consumer that their production practices areenvironmentally and socially responsible. Some countries are attempting to introduce statemediatedcertification procedures to certify that aquaculture products are safe to consume andfarmed in accordance with certain environmental standards (FAO 2007b).The major shrimp exporting countries like Thailand, Vietnam, India, Ecuador, Brazil, andChina (Table 3) have introduced certification systems for their shrimp aquaculture. The Thaigovernment introduced a certification system in 2004 and label their shrimp as Thai QualityShrimp, the Brazilian Shrimp Farmers Association (ABCC) established a certificationprogram in 2005 called the Integrated Program of Farmed Shrimp Certification (PICC).Vietnam has adopted a certification system called Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) andChina has a certification and accreditation department that covers good aquaculture practice(GAP), HACCP, food safety and organic and green food (FAO 2007b).It may be important for Bangladesh to develop a certification and labelling system for itsshrimp aquaculture. This could help in several ways. For instance, it could create a freshimage to replace the negative one and it could also be instrumental in getting a competitiveprice and complying with new market trends. The development of a certification and labellingsystem would help in creating new market positions against the competitors in theinternational market and creating a sustainable resource base that could be used for years in anenvironmentally friendly manner.The certification process needs to comply with the FAO Code of Conduct for ResponsibleFisheries (FAO-CCRF), international principles for responsible shrimp culture developed byFAO and other prevailing regulations regarding food safety, environmental and socialsustainability (FAO 2008a). All these guiding documents are concerned with theenvironmental, ecological and social responsibility of fisheries and aquaculture operations.The recent and most related document is the Technical Guidelines for AquacultureCertification developed by FAO and NACA. These guidelines describe the minimumUNU-Fisheries Training Programme 5
Page 2 and 3: {xe "TABLE OF CONTENTS"}TABLE OF CO
Page 4 and 5: LIST OF FIGURES{xe "LIST OF FIGURES
Page 6 and 7: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS{xe "LIST OF A
Page 8 and 9: SerajBangladeshi waters. Among them
Page 12 and 13: Serajsubstantial standard regarding
Page 14 and 15: Seraj2 MATERIALS AND METHODSInforma
Page 16 and 17: Serajissues certificates stating th
Page 18 and 19: SerajTable 7 : Examples of principl
Page 20 and 21: SerajMario et al. (2002) revealed t
Page 22 and 23: Seraj4.2 Export market of Banglades
Page 24 and 25: Seraj4.4.1 Guiding laws and directi
Page 26 and 27: Seraj4.4.6 General health requireme
Page 28 and 29: Seraj5 SHRIMP AQUACULTURE PRACTICES
Page 30 and 31: SerajFigure 8: Shrimp farming upazi
Page 32: Seraj5.6 Farming systemsBangladeshi
Page 35 and 36: Serajbrand names as these brands en
Page 37 and 38: SerajIn the current management syst
Page 39 and 40: Seraj5.9.12 Ban on wild fry collect
Page 41 and 42: SerajTable 14: Summery of SWOT anal
Page 43 and 44: SerajMinimum Substantive CriteriaBa
Page 45 and 46: SerajMinimum Substantive Criteriapr
Page 47 and 48: SerajMinimum Substantive CriteriaId
Page 49 and 50: Seraj6.2.4 Social ResponsibilityAcc
Page 51 and 52: SerajEnforcement of fish quarantine
Page 53 and 54: SerajDevelopment of guiding documen
Page 55 and 56: SerajACKNOWLEDGEMENTAll my gratitud
Page 57 and 58: SerajEJF. (2003). Grab: Conflict, C
Page 59 and 60: SerajMario, F. T., Brian, R., & Rob
Page 61 and 62:
SerajAnnexure 1:QuestionnaireThe FA
Page 63 and 64:
SerajMinimum Substantive Criteria B
Page 65 and 66:
SerajAnnexure 3:Articles of FAO Cod
Page 67:
SerajExample 2:Sl.no.Particulars1.
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