a compliance study of Bangladesh shrimp aquaculture - The United ...

Serajbrand names as these brands enjoy different levels of popularity in different countries and/ormarkets.Table 13: Different types of shrimp product exported from BangladeshProductHead on shell with clawsHeadless shell onHeadless Shell on easy peelPeeledPull de-veined (PD), P & D tailonP& D butter- fliedPD skewer, P &D butter- fliedtail on skewerCookedProcessICF, Semi-IQF and Block FrozenHead removed, neck meat trimmed, IQF raw consumer pack and rawtray packsHead removed, neck meat trimmed, IQF raw consumer pack and rawtray packs with garlic and herb bases, butter-flied, blanched and cookedin BF or IQF processPeeled, headless, raw and cooked, BF or IQFPeeled, headless, de-veined, raw and cooked, BF or IQFPeeled, headless, de-veined, butter flied, raw and cooked, BF of IQFPeeled, pull-de-veined, headless, IQF shutter pack rawPeeled, de-veined, headless and cooked5.9 Environmental social and food safety issues associated with shrimp aquaculture5.9.1 Use of antibioticsAntibiotics are used mainly in shrimp hatcheries for increased feeding efficiencies, improvedsurvival rates of PL and to control pathogens. Uddin and Kader (2006) found 20 antibioticsand 15 disinfectants used in hatcheries of Bangladesh. They found 40% of hatcheries usingchloramphenicol, 25% using erythromycin, 20% using prefuran and 15% usingoxytetracycline.The use of antibiotics is not much practiced in shrimp aquaculture. It mostly comes fromformulated feed infused with antibiotics. However, antibiotics are not mixed in all feeds. Inpondor gher antibiotics are used as an ingredient in or mixed with formulated feed. Bagdaculture is still extensive or improved extensive culture and artificial feeds are rarely used, soantibiotics are not common for them. Feed is used mainly in golda ponds or ghers and this iswhy chloramphenicol is found in freshwater shrimps (golda).5.9.2 Use of pesticides in agricultureIn Bangladesh, pesticide use is modest. About 70% of pesticides used are for rice cultivation.Pesticide used on rice is mainly reactive; applications are only made after detecting insectinfestations (Huda, 1999). However, it is believed that chemical residues such as nitrofuran,lead etc. sometimes found in shrimp, come from the pesticide used for agriculture crops.According to Matin (2003), pesticides can enter the aquatic environment through directapplication, spray drift, atmospheric deposition, leaching and runoff from agricultural land, orby the indirect routes of equipment washing and disposal. In the aquatic environment,pesticides trend to adhere to suspended solids or become bound to sediment, although a smallfraction remains in aquatic organisms. They are also subject to metabolic transformation inbiota and to various alterations due to continuous exchange between pesticides and biota andto various chemical reactions with abiotic components.5.9.3 Decrease of agricultural land and crop production.Shrimp farms are mainly rice fields that have been converted to ponds or ghers. About 80% ofthe agricultural land historically used solely for rice production has been converted to rice-UNU-Fisheries Training Programme 29