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470 • Policythe form of volunteer community organizations and NGOs can step inwhen governments fail to act. However, they can rely only on good will,altruism, or other behaviors inconsistent with the assumptions of rationalself-interest but thankfully important parts of the human psyche nonetheless.When governments do act, they are unlikely to pursue globally desirablelevels of ecosystem preservation, as there are few incentives to doso, and national sovereignty allows them to ignore global benefits. Makingoptimal outcomes even more elusive, policy makers at all levels areprobably unaware of the full range of benefits intact ecosystems actuallysupply.While continued conversion of tropical forests may be uneconomic atthe global level, in many of the world’s remaining tropical forests (andother healthy ecosystems), it may still make economic sense at the locallevel to continue the deforestation process. If we look at the Amazon rainforest,much of Southeast Asia, and Central Africa, there are still vast tractsof largely untouched forest along with high levels of poverty and landlessness.There is little question that for the individual, the best availablealternative under current circumstances is often to clear forest and growcrops. The farmers who do this are not irrational. They may be ignorantof the ecosystem services their activities destroy (though probably considerablyless ignorant than city dwellers), but even if they were aware, theirpersonal gains from deforestation almost certainly far outweigh their shareof the loss from ecosystem services destroyed.Much of the forest in these countries occurs in states or administrativedistricts that are almost entirely forested and have very low populationdensities. It may thus also make sense at the local and regional level tocontinue deforesting. There is an important caveat, however. Even if continueddeforestation may be appropriate at the local level, in many areasit is carried out in a destructive and inefficient manner. For example,where market access is poor, valuable timber and trees providing importantnontimber resources (such as Brazil nuts) may be felled and burnt.Unsustainable production techniques that mine the soil are common,even when small investments could yield far more sustainable and lucrativealternatives. Thus, while deforestation may be appropriate from thelocal point of view, the way in which it is carried out may at the same timebe highly inappropriate.Even at the national level in countries like Suriname, Guyana, andFrench Guyana that are up to 90% forested, continued deforestation, ifcarried out without wanton waste, could help improve well-being for themajority of society (though the indigenous cultures that depend on theforest would almost certainly not be part of that majority). It can alsostrengthen claims to contested boundaries. In other countries where itmay be in the national interest to slow or halt deforestation, it may still