modern variation and evolutionary change in the hominin eye orbit

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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePageFigure 3.1: Map of regional groups comprising the African, European, andAsian samples…………………………………………………………………………….39Figure 3.2: Comparison of interorbital breadth and biorbital breadth (in millimeters)….44Figure 3.3: Among-group comparison of orbital index.. ………………………….…….45Figure 3.4: Among-group comparison of orbital height, orbital breadth (mm)..………...46Figure 3.5: Among-group comparison of basion-superior orbit, basion-orbitale (mm)…48Figure 3.6: Among-group comparison of orbital depth (mm)….………………………..49Figure 3.7: Among-group comparison of orbital frontation (angle in degrees)………....50Figure 3.8: Among-group comparison of orbital volume (in milliliters)……………..….51Figure 3.9: Plot of individuals and group centroids along each discriminant axis ……...58Figure 3.10: Plot of individuals and group centroids along each discriminant axis……..66Figure 4.1: Grade shift in relative cranial size in the hominin lineage…………………..76Figure 4.2: Grade shift in relative facial prognathism in the hominin lineage (mm)…….76Figure 4.3: Comparison of orbital shape: Australopithecus africanus vs. Homo sapiens.83Figure 4.4: Image of Shandingdong (Upper Cave) - From Brown (1998-2005)………...84Figure 5.1: Comparison of interorbital breadth among European groups……………….90Figure 5.2: Comparison of orbital frontation among European groups….………………91Figure 5.3: Comparison of orbital depth among chimpanzees and European groups…...93xiii
Figure 5.4: Change in orbital breadth through the Upper Paleolithic.…………………...94Figure 5.5: Change in orbital height through the Upper Paleolithic……………………..95Figure 5.6: Variation in the orbital index among all temporal groups…………………..96Figure 5.7: Temporal change in facial projection since the Upper Paleolithic………….98Figure 5.8: Temporal change in cranial size since the Upper Paleolithic……………….99Figure 5.9: Change in cranial shape among Western European groups………………..100Figure 5.10: Change in facial shape among Western European groups………………..100Figure 5.11: Comparison of long-term and recent variation in facial shape…………....101Figure 6.1: Plot of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) vs. (log10)orbit/eyeball ……111Figure 6.2: Plot of SER vs. index of (log10)orbit/eyeball volume for males….……….113Figure 6.3: Plot of SER vs. index of (log10)orbit/eyeball volume for females………...113Figure 6.4: Comparison of sex differences in absolute orbital volume in Chinese adults……..………………..………………………..………………………..…………….….116Figure 6.5: Intra-group sex differences in size-adjusted orbital volume……………….117Figure 6.6: Comparison of absolute eyeball volume between male and female Chineseadults……………………………………………………………………………….…...119Figure 6.7: Comparison of relative eyeball volume between male & female Chineseadults..………………..………………………..………………………..………….…...120Figure 6.8: Comparison of orbit/eyeball volume between male and female Chineseadults…………………………..………………………..………………………..……..121Figure 6.9: Comparison of standard error of refraction between male and female Chineseadults..…………………..………………………..………………………..……..…..…122Figure 6.10: Comparison of eye orbit and cranial growth in African and Japanese samples…………………………..………………………..………………………..……………124xiv
Page 1: MODERN VARIATION AND EVOLUTIONARY C
Page 7 and 8: VITAJanuary 2, 1978……………
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTSPageAbstract .….
Page 11 and 12: 7. Summary and Conclusion………
Page 13: Table 3.13: Wilks' lambda and Chi-s
Page 17 and 18: Although there is a great deal of c
Page 19 and 20: extent that in modern humans it sit
Page 21 and 22: in the face and cranium” (Enlow &
Page 23 and 24: etween the neurocranium and face, u
Page 25 and 26: Schultz (1940) observes a negative
Page 27 and 28: sphenoid, and between 5 and 6 in th
Page 29 and 30: its relative position during forwar
Page 31 and 32: fact more variation exist between r
Page 33 and 34: plane is highly related to factors
Page 35 and 36: cranial and facial height occurs in
Page 37 and 38: assessed in relation to patterns of
Page 39 and 40: or throughout hominin evolution cou
Page 41 and 42: in roughly the same proportions (An
Page 43 and 44: association with juvenile-onset myo
Page 45 and 46: Craniofacial Variables Label Landma
Page 47 and 48: In this investigation the FH is not
Page 49 and 50: this study most research questions
Page 51 and 52: Craniofacial Variables Label ErrorC
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 3MODERN HUMAN VARIATION IN
Page 55 and 56: Sample Sample Size RepositoryAfrica
Page 57 and 58: change in orbital anatomy and will
Page 59 and 60: 3.3.1 Interorbital breadth and bior
Page 61 and 62: 3.3.2 Orbital height and orbital br
Page 63 and 64: Basion-Superior Orbit, Basion-Infer
Page 65 and 66:
98Vertical Angle of Orbital Margins
Page 67 and 68:
statistical tools. In the next sect
Page 69 and 70:
Correlation obbobhobdobvobfekbdkbbs
Page 71 and 72:
obbobhobdobvobfekbdkbbsobioFunction
Page 73 and 74:
variables in the first discriminant
Page 75 and 76:
distance matrix, which shows the Af
Page 77 and 78:
golxcbzybbbhbplufbnphnlhobbobhobdob
Page 79 and 80:
non-orbital cranial and facial trai
Page 81 and 82:
Function 242012AncestryAfricanAsian
Page 83 and 84:
eadth (ekb), and basion-orbitale (b
Page 85 and 86:
CHAPTER 4EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN THE
Page 87 and 88:
This sample represents the most mor
Page 89 and 90:
analysis. This was done to remove a
Page 91 and 92:
190Boxplot of Cranial Size vs Time1
Page 93 and 94:
flexed in association with neurocra
Page 95 and 96:
Variables N Coefficient t p R²1) B
Page 97 and 98:
Ross (1995) also finds a relationsh
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4.4: Image of Shandingdong (
Page 101 and 102:
CHAPTER 5EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN THE
Page 103 and 104:
ecause of a general reduction in cr
Page 105 and 106:
adequate space within the orbits fo
Page 107 and 108:
Western European temporal groups sa
Page 109 and 110:
Upper Paleolithic (Figure 5.4). The
Page 111 and 112:
Regardless of the relative contribu
Page 113 and 114:
of facial projection vs. time indic
Page 115 and 116:
Boxplot of Cranial Index vs Time908
Page 117 and 118:
5.6 Results of regression analyses:
Page 119 and 120:
Although the direction and magnitud
Page 121 and 122:
Additionally, because the eyeball s
Page 123 and 124:
corroborates the findings of other
Page 125 and 126:
Sample Sample Sizes Method DataFema
Page 127 and 128:
approximately 3.5 show little to no
Page 129 and 130:
In females there is a clear differe
Page 131 and 132:
Boxplot of Orbital Vol vs Sex25.022
Page 133 and 134:
Ancestral Group N mean s.d. t pAfri
Page 135 and 136:
5.5Boxplot of Relative Eye Size vs
Page 137 and 138:
away from emmetropia in individuals
Page 139 and 140:
ceases. Additionally, different pat
Page 141 and 142:
of the orbit that the eyeball fills
Page 143 and 144:
CHAPTER 7SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION7.1
Page 145 and 146:
margins in this group. The slightly
Page 147 and 148:
classification of dry skulls and as
Page 149 and 150:
Six orbital variables were used to
Page 151 and 152:
A final prediction relating to how
Page 153 and 154:
Nevertheless, orbital traits that c
Page 155 and 156:
etraction could not be evaluated. H
Page 157 and 158:
A statistically significant negativ
Page 159 and 160:
to engage in non-subsistence activi
Page 161 and 162:
comes at a cost to visual acuity ho
Page 163 and 164:
trajectories between the eye and or
Page 165 and 166:
BIBLIOGRAPHYAiello, L., Dean, C. (1
Page 167 and 168:
Bruner, E., Saracino, B., Passarell
Page 169 and 170:
Goldschmidt, E., Lam, C., Opper, S.
Page 171 and 172:
Lam, C., Edwards, M., Millodot, M.,
Page 173 and 174:
Quant, J., Woo, G. (1992) Normal va
Page 175:
Weiss, K. (2002) How the Eye Got it
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