modern variation and evolutionary change in the hominin eye orbit

.CHAPTER 2MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1 VariablesIn this study, continuous traits of the orbits, lower face, and cranium are used toinvestigate variation among modern human and past hominin groups. These data werecollected using standard landmarks following the methods of Howells (1973) and White(2000) for characteristics of the face and cranium (Table 2.1), and Schultz (1940) andMoore-Jansen et al. (1994) for measures of the orbits (Table 2.2). Indices and sizeestimates are also derived from these linear measures in order to better understandvariation and change in size and shape of the skull (Table 2.3). Because few studies havefocused principally on the orbit, additional measures have been included in order to betterunderstand modern variation, evolutionary change, and how this feature varies in relationto neighboring craniofacial traits.29