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2Physical Properties of Marine SedimentsFig. 2.25 c, d Parasound Seismogram sections representing typical deep sea clay (Weddell Sea) and terrigenoussediments (Bengal Fan). Lengths and heights of both profiles amount to 50 km and 300 m, respectively. Verticalexaggeration (VE) is 111. The Parasound seismogram section from the Weddell Sea was kindly provided by G. Kuhn,Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar- and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany and is an unpublished data setrecorded during RV Polarstern cruise ANT IX/4. Modified after Breitzke (1997).66
Appendixe.g. with Biot-Stoll’s sediment model (Sect. 2.4.1).Table 2A-1 provides an overview on densities andbulk moduli of some typical sediment formingminerals.Density (ρ f), bulk modulus (K f), viscosity (η),sound velocity (v P), sound attenuation coefficient(α) and electrical resistivity (R f) of sea waterdepend on salinity, temperature and pressure.Table 2A-2 summarizes their values at laboratoryconditions, i.e. 20°C temperature, 1 at pressureand 35‰ salinity.B: Corrections to Laboratory and InSitu ConditionsMeasurements of physical properties are usuallycarried out under laboratory conditions, i.e. roomtemperature (20°C) and atmospheric pressure (1 at).Table 2A-1 Physical properties of sediment forming minerals, at laboratory conditions (20°C temperature, 1 atpressure). After 1 Wohlenberg (1982) and 2 Gebrande (1982).Mineral Density 1 ρ g [g cm -3 ] Bulk Modulus 2 Κ g [10 9 Pa]terrigenous sedimentsquartz 2.649 - 2.697 37.6 - 38.1 (trigonal)biotite 2.692 - 3.160 42.0 - 60.0muscovite 2.770 - 2.880 43.0 - 62.0hornblende 3.000 - 3.500 84.0 - 90.0calcareous sedimentscalcite 2.699 - 2.882 70.0 - 76.0siliceous sedimentsopal 2.060 - 2.300 no dataTable 2A-2 Physical properties of sea water, at laboratory conditions (20°C temperature, 1 at pressure, 35 ‰salinity). After 1 Wille (1986) and 2 Siedler and Peters (1986).ParameterValuesound velocity 1 v P [m s -1 ] 1521 m s -1sound attenuation coefficient 1 α [10 -3 dB m -1 ]4 kHz ∼0.2510 kHz ∼0.80100 kHz ∼ 40400 kHz ∼ 1201000 kHz ∼ 300density 2 ρ f [g/cm -3 ] 1.024bulk modulus 2 Κ f [10 9 Pa] 2.37viscosity 2 η [10 -3 Pa⋅s] 1.07electrical resistivity 2 R f [Ω⋅m] 0.2167
Page 3 and 4: 2.2 Porositiy and Wet Bulk Densityi
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Page 17 and 18: 2.4 Acoustic and Elastic Properties
Page 27 and 28: 2.5 Sediment ClassificationFig. 2.1
Page 29 and 30: 2.5 Sediment ClassificationFig. 2.1
Page 31 and 32: 2.6 Sediment Echosoundinggenous sed
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Page 39: AppendixFig. 2.25 a, b Parasound se
Page 43 and 44: References2.7 ProblemsProblem 1What
Page 45: Referencespressional wave in a poro

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