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DESIGN MANUAL& KEYWALL OPERATING GUIDECOMPAC UNITThe Keystone Compac unit is a 12 inch (305mm) deep unit with a typical face width of 18 inches (457mm)by 8 inches (203mm) high. This geometry yields exactly 1 square foot (0.09 m²) of face area per unit. Depthmay vary from 11 to 12.5 inches (280 to 317mm) depending upon local manufacturing and splittingrequirements. Units weigh from 70 to 95 pounds (32 to 43kg) each, varying with local manufacturing andaggregates. For design purposes, the in-place density of the aggregate filled unit is 120 pcf (18.85 kN/m³).Figure 1:2 Compac / Compac II / Compac III UnitThe dual pin hole configuration allows the same 1° (0° for design purposes), 4°, and 8° setback as theStandard unit.KEYSTONE CENTURY WALL ® UNITSCentury Wall ® is a three piece system that consists of a small, medium, and large unit. The width of theunits is the varying dimension that dictates the size. The small unit is 7 inches (178mm) wide, the mediumunit is 11 inches (279mm) wide, and the large unit is 18 inches (457mm) wide. The three Century Wallunits are 12 inches (305mm) deep and 8 inches (203mm) high. The small unit weighs 45 pounds (20kg), themedium unit weighs 58 pounds (26kg), and the large unit weighs 90 pounds (41kg). Weights may vary withlocal manufacturing and aggregates.Figure 1:3 Century Wall ® UnitsSimilar to the Compac and Standard units, a dual pin hole configuration allows 1° (0° for design purposes),4°, and 8° setback.1.3
PART ONERetaining Wall Units133ELITE ® UNIT133Elite ® units are 8 inches (203mm) high and 24 inches (610mm) wide to create a face area of 1.33 squarefeet (0.124m²), hence the name 133Elite ® . The depth of the unit is 11.5 inches (292mm). Depending on facetreatment, the weight of the 133Elite ® unit is approximately 100 pounds (45kg).Figure 1:4 133Elite ® Unit133Elite units are manufactured with one pin position that creates a near vertical setback equal to 3 ⁄8inch (9.6mm) per 8 inches (203mm) of unit height (2.5° batter).UNIT SHEAR RESISTANCEThere are two areas where the shear resistance is important:• Leveling pad shear resistance• Inter-unit shear resistanceBoth are important to the wall’s ability to resist lateral movements during construction and to hold the retainedsoil in place. The shear and moment capacity of the wall facing prevents bulging of the wall face.BASE SHEAR RESISTANCEA prepared leveling pad is required to provide a firm, level surface on which to place the base course unitsat the design elevations and provide localized bearing capacity for the units.Leveling pads may be constructed of well-compacted gravel/crushed stone or unreinforced concrete. For mostwalls, the gravel/crushed stone leveling pad is adequate. For taller walls (over 15 feet or 5m), contractors havefound that concrete can lead to faster wall installation and is easier to use on the larger projects. The concretepad requires more care in placement and more expensive materials (concrete versus aggregate), but the speed ofplacing the first course generally offsets the extra cost of materials.In Keystone walls with no earth reinforcement (gravity walls), the total resistance of the wall to lateralmovement (sliding) is provided by the friction along the base of the units. In soil reinforced Keystone walls,unit base friction is a lesser component of the sliding calculation as the reinforced zone provides most ofthe resistance along the base. Since the leveling pad may be constructed of various materials, the frictionalresistance varies with the roughness and shear strength of the materials.1.4
Page 5 and 6: INTRODUCTIONTable of ContentsTABLE
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTIONTable of ContentsTABLE
Page 10 and 11: DESIGN MANUAL& KEYWALL OPERATING G
Page 14: PART ONEKEYSTONE ® RETAINING WALL
Page 17: PART ONERetaining Wall UnitsKEYSTON
Page 21 and 22: PART ONERetaining Wall UnitsTYPICAL
Page 30: PART THREERETAINING WALL DESIGN THE
Page 33: PART THREERetaining Wall Design The
Page 46: PART FOURTHE DESIGN PROCESSHigh Poi
Page 49 and 50: PART FOURThe Design ProcessDESIGN M
Page 51 and 52: PART FOURThe Design ProcessWALL GEO
Page 53 and 54: PART FOURThe Design ProcessSOIL PRO
Page 55 and 56: PART FOURThe Design ProcessEXTERNAL
Page 57 and 58: PART FOURThe Design ProcessAASHTO L
Page 59 and 60: PART FOURThe Design ProcessCOULOMB
Page 61 and 62: PART FOURThe Design ProcessOVERTURN
Page 63 and 64: PART FOURThe Design ProcessULTIMATE
Page 65 and 66: PART FOURThe Design ProcessTENSILE
Page 67 and 68: PART FOURThe Design ProcessAASHTO I
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PART FOURThe Design ProcessPULLOUT
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DESIGN MANUAL& KEYWALL OPERATING G
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PART SIXAPPENDIX ATurtle Moutain, V
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APART SIXAppendix AINFINITE SLOPE S
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APART SIXAppendix AINFINITE SLOPE S
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PART SIXAPPENDIX BLakeside Developm
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BPART SIXAppendix BNCMA 2ND EDITION
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