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184 Managing Systems of Secondary Citiesprogrammes for urban development, rural development, sustainableeconomic development, the environment and food security.Japanese International Corporation Agency (JICA)JICA is engaged in an extensive range of international aid and development activities.Traditionally, JICA has had a major involvement in infrastructure projects and technicalassistance to support their implementation. The agency has some 20 operationalfocus areas in more than 100 countries.One emerging programme area for JICA is in sustainable urban and regionaldevelopment. JICA has traditionally provided support for urban master planning andcomprehensive regional planning with technical assistance and cooperation for theexecution of these plans.JICA has five priority strategies to advance its agenda:(i) Analyze urban and regional problems(ii) Create medium- to long-term visions(iii) Formulate development policies(iv) Draft plans by sector(v) Propose action plans for implementation.More recently, its urban-sector programmes included enhancement of regional administrativesystems in line with the country’s state development policies; local economicdevelopment that prevents the negative effects of urbanization and programmes tocorrect disparities between regions by promoting balanced regional development thatrecognizes the perspectives of its residents.8.2.4 International NGOs and Professional Volunteer OrganizationsThere are many international NGOs and professional associations engaged inurban-sector activities in developing-region countries. These often play a valuablerole in filling a gap as intermediaries between international development-assistanceagencies and the targeted communities, which may benefit from an urban-activitiesprogramme. Organizations such as Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI) focuson housing for the poor, Oxfam focuses on poverty-alleviation and disaster-managementrecovery, as does the International Red Cross, Red Crescent and HabitatInternational Coalition (HIC), which has been working in housing and human settlementsfor more than 30 years. In developing countries there are hundreds of smallerNGO and Community-Based Organizations (CBO), which are involved in mainlylocalized urban issues and causes. These organizations often play a key role in winningcommunity support for change and mobilizing local residents to provide resources andlabour for urban improvement and housing projects.Professional organizations offer opportunities for professional and skilled trades
International Development Assistance Support for Secondary Cities Development 185people to provide volunteer support to urban programmes. Engineers Without Borders(EWB, 2013), which grew out of support for the recovery of East Timor, has expandedinto a global network to provide volunteer support for urban projects in differentcountries. The Australian Planning Institute (PIA, 2005) support for building planningcapacity in regional towns and cities, in association with the former AusAID, is anexample of a partnership with a professional organization that has strengthened thecapacity of planners in towns and cities outside metropolitan Colombo, Sri Lanka.8.2.5 United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)UCLG represents and defends the interests of local and regional governments andtheir associations on the world stage through cooperation between local governments,and within the wider international community, regardless of the size of the communitiesthey serve. Through its decentralized cooperation programme UCLG enablesand encourages sharing and learning, particularly to promote planning instrumentsand methods, as well as inter-municipal cooperation on local, regional, national andinternational levels. UCLG is working more specifically within the Cities Alliancepartnership to promote and support Urban Strategic Planning and City DevelopmentStrategies (CDS). In recent activities, the increasing importance of intermediary citieshas been highlighted and identified as a priority for further engagement.8.3 Summary of Official Development Assistance of Urban-Sector ActivitiesThe extent to which multilateral and bilateral agencies have engaged in urban-sectorprojects and programmes has varied significantly over time and between regions andcountries. Some agencies are beginning to focus their aid and development-assistanceprogrammes geographically, in response to national policy agendas and prioritiesset by governments that are recipients of assistance. It is difficult to obtain accurateinformation on the value of aid and development assistance to the urban sector, sincemany projects are often included in regional-development programmes, which benefitboth rural and urban areas. Figure 8.2 shows how the general focus of multilateral andbilateral assistance to urban-sector activities under the broad heading of infrastructure,economic and social development, and environmental management, urban-governancesupport and engaging with the private sector.
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Contents1 Introduction 161.1 The Ch
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8.2 Policy and Programme Initiative
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Executive SummaryCities are becomin
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• Population size is still a dete
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ForewordAs the world completes its
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Introduction 17well behind more adv
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Introduction 191.3 Contents of the
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Secondary Cities: Definitions and C
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Secondary Cities: Definitions and C
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Bach Ninh, one of aseries of new ci
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Children earn a livingby transporti
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3Secondary City Urbanization Trends
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4New Urban Economic Geographyof Sec
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844.5.1 Bolstering Endogenous Devel
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5Overcoming the Challenges ofSecond
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100 Managing Systems of Secondary C
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108Targeted Investmentsin secondary
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6Policy Responses to Secondary Citi
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Urban revitalization inStone Town,
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7Regional Approaches to SecondaryCi
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Page 171 and 172: International Development Assistanc
Page 183: International Development Assistanc
Page 191 and 192: What is apparent from the review of
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Page 209 and 210: Annexes 209AnnexesThe annexes set o
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Page 215 and 216: Annexes 215Annex 3Number of Cities
Page 217 and 218: Annexes 217Annex 4 continuedUrban I
Page 219 and 220: References 219ReferencesAbdel-Rahma
Page 221 and 222: References 221and reassessment of a
Page 223 and 224: References 223Roberts and T. Kanale
Page 225 and 226: References 225USAID (1984). USAID p
Page 227 and 228: Index 227planning failures, impacts
Page 229 and 230: Index 229urbanization and secondary
Page 231 and 232: Index 231colonial administrations,i
Page 233: References 233SECONDARY CITIES have
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