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226 Managing Systems of Secondary CitiesIndexPage numbers in bold refer toFigures and Tables; page numbersin italic refer to illustrationsAbdjan 79Abuja 34, 60, 117, 118, 130Accra Agenda for Action 187Adana 159, 161Addis Ababa 97, 126administration centres 28, 32,37, 38Afghanistan 96Africachallenges 68city hierarchy 124Gini Coefficients (GCs) 62industrialization 124information and communicationstechnology 83laggard cities 55, 79, 81, 133legal systems 124manufacturing economies 96new cities 117–118primacy and dispersionpatterns 45, 46primate policies 126, 127, 128regional approachesto secondary citiesdevelopment 124–134trade-corridor development 83urban growth trends 42, 42,44, 44, 124urban population densities47, 48, 50urban revitalization 122see also sub-Saharan AfricaAfrican Development Bank(AfDB) 176–177, 188agglomeration economies 59,66, 71, 86, 98, 119, 123, 130,136, 143agricultural cities 55Ahmadabad 60, 91, 100, 110,136–137Al Zaatari 30, 32Aleppo 34, 69Alexandria 60, 153alpha cities see global citiesAmritsar 34Angola 124, 125–126Ankara 162anti-urban biases and policies 90,133, 135, 137Argentina 34, 45, 46, 47, 148Armenia 176artisan industries 82Arusha 34ASEAN City Mayors Forum 54ASEAN Economic Community 54ASEAN Foundation 54ASEAN University Network 54Asiaanti-urban biases and policies90City Development Initiativefor Asia (CDIA) 180EPZ and industrial estates 119expanded primate cities 73export-oriented economicdevelopment model 80Gini Coefficients (GCs) 62industrialization 134information and communicationstechnology 83laggard cities 14, 79manufacturing economies 96new-town clusters 118primacy and dispersionpatterns 44–45, 46, 134remittances 80urban growth trends 42, 43,44, 44, 134, 148urban population densities47, 48urbanization and secondarycity development 134–147Asian Development Bank (ADB)75, 101, 144, 175–176, 190Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) 119,138, 143asset-management systems 101Atlanta 58Auckland 26Australia 20, 34, 64, 87, 107, 118,120, 168urban growth trends 163urban population densities 47urbanization and secondarycity development 163–165,166Australian Planning Institute 185Bach Nin Phuch Yen 120Bach Ninh 28Balikpapan 51, 78, 138Bangalore 29, 54, 79, 106, 120,121, 137Bangkok 62Bangladesh 29, 47, 49, 95, 102,103, 107, 112, 119, 154, 166, 176Banjarmasin 138Basel 29, 34Bekasi 118Belo Horizonte 29, 34, 51, 54, 78,120, 152Bethlehem 34Bloemfontein 34Bogotá 60, 152, 153Bolivia 58boomtown economies 54Brasilía 34, 51, 60, 118, 151Brazil 20, 26, 29, 34, 49, 53, 54,74, 78, 80, 115, 118, 119, 120,121, 167, 168, 188artisan industries 82competitiveness of secondarycities 58, 151, 167GDP 51, 58growth-pole policies 120industry-cluster development123meritocracy economies 55new urbanism 123primacy distribution 45regional disparities 152transmigration policies 117urbanization and secondarycity development 148,149–152, 166Brisbane 64, 107Buenos Aires 52built environment design 61built systems 204, 205, 206Burkina Faso 179Bursa 159, 162Busan 34, 141business parks 29, 119Cairo 60, 75Cambridge 34Can Tho 50, 143, 144Canada 118Canberra 34, 163, 164capacity-building initiatives 95,111, 171, 174, 176, 181, 199,201, 203Cape Town 34, 201capitalendogenous capital formation99latent, mobilizing 96, 97, 99,167–168private-sector capital 104see also financecapital cities 21, 36, 73, 78, 117,118, 124, 129, 130, 133, 142,143, 164, 208Caracas 74Caribbeanprimacy and dispersionpatterns 46remittances 80urban growth trends 42, 44Cartagena 152, 153Casablanca 79, 121Central Place Theory 26–27Chang Mai 34change-management programmes92Chennai 136Chiang Mai 62China 20, 21, 26, 32, 35, 37, 43,75, 80, 115, 118, 119, 121, 176artisan industries 82Brazil, new urbanism 123City Cluster Development(CCD) 75competitiveness 58, 167consumption-driven growthand development model 81dispersion patterns of cities44–45economic corridor cities 195endogenous growth model81, 95environmental problems 64GDP 57, 62, 65, 113Gini Coefficients (GCs) 62growth-pole policies 120industry-cluster development123megacities 26meritocracy economies 55new cities 43, 65new urbanism 123primacy distribution 45tertiary cities 37trade-corridor development 83urban population densities48, 49urban revitalization 122urbanization strategies 90Cities Alliance (CA) 11, 15, 92,108, 114, 115, 144, 172, 178–180, 185, 189, 191, 201Country Programmes 179–180, 179City Cluster Development (CCD)75City Development Initiative forAsia (CDIA) 180City Prosperity Index (CPI) 173city-cluster developments 12,29–32, 75–76, 82, 83, 162,194–195investment strategies 202megacity-dominated clusters75
Index 227planning failures, impactsof 195spatial patterns 73–74, 73subnational regional clusters75transborder clusters 75urban corridors 75civil unrest and civil war 126, 128,138, 153, 154Clark 118classification of urban systems22, 25, 69see also functional typologies;hierarchical system of citiesClean Development Mechanism(CDM) 104climate-change issues 64, 82,113, 145adaptation and mitigation 64,113, 114, 183climate finance 181coastal cities 56, 58, 82coastal strip-ribbon development56coastal-management problems 56collaborative advantage 67collaborative competition 87, 167cross-country collaboration167inter-regional collaboration 87collaborative model ofgovernance 197collaborative partnerships 139Colombia 62, 152–153colonialism, legacy of 18, 28, 69,91, 116, 124, 125, 131, 133, 148communications hubs 35Community Based Organization(CBOs) 109, 184community engagement networks111–112community-educationprogrammes 112competitive advantage 18, 25, 58,68, 78, 87, 98, 123, 167, 195competitiveness 12, 18, 37, 52,58–59, 66, 70, 71, 82, 97–98,166–167collaborative competition87, 167drivers of 18, 25fostering 69, 78, 97–98,196–197international 166, 167lack of, contributory factors 58national 166–167, 168non-economic factors 59congestion 23, 30, 64, 66, 82, 106,119, 193connectivity 11, 14, 17, 77, 169,199, 201, 204, 208consumption-driven growth anddevelopment model 81corporate governance reforms91–92corporate planning 91corridor cities 32, 33, 37, 74, 82,83, 194, 195investment strategies 203trans-government agreements195see also trade corridorscorruption 30, 91, 92, 107Costa del Sol 74Côte d’Ivoire 23cross-sector issues 189cultural capital 59cultural centres 34, 38Curitiba 34, 51, 54, 58, 60, 74, 83,115, 152, 167Cusco 29, 34, 54, 55, 78Cyber Jaya 118Dadaab 32Dakar 131Dar es Salaam 98de-industrialization 29, 55, 76, 82,118, 193, 195debt restructuring 170decentralization 11, 12, 18, 23, 29,78, 79, 86, 90–91, 99, 183, 193administrative 90, 126constitutional support 158financial 91national policies 91, 116–117,137, 138, 140, 141, 142,144, 147, 151, 153, 156,158, 161see also regional casestudiesnecessary conditions 158,165–166, 187policy failures 197Delhi 60, 74, 75, 118, 135, 136demand-side expansion 93, 168Denpasar 54, 78Detroit 103development control 93Development Initiative forSecondary Cities (DISC) 14,198–207, 200prioritizing areas of support206–207, 206strategic focus 199–203targeting support 203–205development potential, latent 25,69, 70devolution 11, 12, 23, 79, 90, 91,162, 193national policies 116–117necessary conditions for165–166Dhaka 29, 47Diré Dawa 126, 127, 128disaster management 64, 114, 184dispersion patterns of cities44–45, 83Dodoma 118domestic markets 17, 36, 39,52–53, 69, 95Dublin 70e-services 76, 83East-West Economic Corridor 32economic decline 55, 103economic development 11, 12,13, 23characteristics 54–56neo-liberal theories of 52economic enterprise zones 29,81, 157economic growth rates 62, 65economic systems 204, 205,206, 207economies of scale 29, 71, 75, 82,83, 86, 87, 96, 199changing 86, 96, 195diseconomies 86, 103, 193Edinburgh 167education programmes 113, 158Egypt 34, 49, 95, 123, 153employmentdecentralized 76growth 41IFI support 177informal sector 17, 79, 132–133, 134, 198job creation 13, 16, 59, 77,98, 112mixed-use 74see also labour marketendogenous growth models 12,14, 17, 19, 52, 84–85, 86, 95, 96,195, 198energy consumption 56, 67, 74Engineers Without Borders(EWB) 185enterprise zones 119entrepreneurship 78, 79, 80, 85environmental hazard zones 107environmental quality 56, 59,63–64, 66environmental systemsmanagement 113–116climate change issues 113–114disaster management 114green-city development 115rehabilitation of urbanecosystems 115urban poor, basicinfrastructure and servicesfor 115environmental systems resources204, 205, 206Erdenet 78Ethiopia 21, 58, 96, 126–128Europefunctional typologies ofcities 72Gini Coefficients (GCs) 62laggard cities 79primacy and dispersionpatterns 45, 46urban growth trends 42, 44urban population densities 47European Spatial DevelopmentPerspective (ESDP) 27European Union (EU) 70, 160, 161exogenous growth model 14,84–85, 95export-oriented economicdevelopment model 14, 36, 54,79, 80–81, 82, 84, 95, 96Export-Processing Zones (EPZ)55, 119, 143, 157externalities 29, 66, 87Fez 79financecommunity-based budgeting91, 106credit facilities, local 81grant funds 79, 85, 197international developmentagency finance 174, 179,188micro finance 102participatory budgeting 91,92, 106, 110performance-based budgeting92restrictions on borrowing95, 99soft-loan capital 85see also capital; incomefinancial-management practices100fiscal arrangements, negotiationof 99flooding 56, 64, 197flows in urban systems 168–169flows (logistics) systems 204, 205,206, 207Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO) 174, 190food-supply chains andproduction systems 81Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)81, 97, 99, 119Foshan 75France 24, 34, 54free-market-based planningsystems 27free-trade agreements 52, 70freight-carrying capacity 32, 53functional attributes of secondarycities 38functional specialization 33–34,
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First published in Belgium in 2014
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Contents1 Introduction 161.1 The Ch
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8.2 Policy and Programme Initiative
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Executive SummaryCities are becomin
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• Population size is still a dete
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ForewordAs the world completes its
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Introduction 17well behind more adv
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Introduction 191.3 Contents of the
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Secondary Cities: Definitions and C
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Secondary Cities: Definitions and C
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Bach Ninh, one of aseries of new ci
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Children earn a livingby transporti
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32 Managing Systems of Secondary Ci
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3Secondary City Urbanization Trends
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4New Urban Economic Geographyof Sec
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844.5.1 Bolstering Endogenous Devel
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5Overcoming the Challenges ofSecond
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100 Managing Systems of Secondary C
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108Targeted Investmentsin secondary
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6Policy Responses to Secondary Citi
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Urban revitalization inStone Town,
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7Regional Approaches to SecondaryCi
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Regional Approaches to Secondary Ci
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International Development Assistanc
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International Development Assistanc
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Page 191 and 192: What is apparent from the review of
Page 193 and 194: Key Messages and Concluding Reflect
Page 209 and 210: Annexes 209AnnexesThe annexes set o
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Page 215 and 216: Annexes 215Annex 3Number of Cities
Page 217 and 218: Annexes 217Annex 4 continuedUrban I
Page 219 and 220: References 219ReferencesAbdel-Rahma
Page 221 and 222: References 221and reassessment of a
Page 223 and 224: References 223Roberts and T. Kanale
Page 225: References 225USAID (1984). USAID p
Page 229 and 230: Index 229urbanization and secondary
Page 231 and 232: Index 231colonial administrations,i
Page 233: References 233SECONDARY CITIES have
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