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New Urban Economic Geography of Secondary Cities 73figure 4.2The Spatial Typologies of CitiesPrimate cityRegional networked cityLinear cityExpanded primate cityPolycentric cityPolycentric linear citySource: Choe & Roberts (2011)of city forms (Morris, 1979). Historically these forms were based on grids, radial andmedieval layout patterns of development. But as cities have become larger, they havebegun to take on clustered patterns of secondary or spillover secondary-city developmentthat take different spatial and functional forms.Figure 4.2 depicts conceptual spatial patterns emerging from the development ofclustered secondary cities. The solid dots shown in each concept represent urban-regionalcentres or satellite towns forming part of the structure of the metropolitanregion. These conceptual groupings of spatial urban development have proved usefulin modelling future transport, land use and employment patterns for planning in largerclustered cities.A primate city is generally the leading city in a country, state or region. It is generallyproportionately larger than any other city in a population or economic hierarchy.Many of the largest cities in the world, especially capital cities, began as primate cities.• An expanded primate city consists of one very large city, with many, muchsmaller, cities and towns that have developed with intermediate-sized urbancentres, spreading out from the core city centre. This pattern has developedin many North and South American cities and is becoming more prevalent inAsian cities.• A polycentric city is one in which there is a hierarchy of similar-sized cities,which compete for business and investment within a metropolitan region.Manila is a good example of a polycentric city.• A regional networked city is one where there has been a development of a seriesof expanded or satellite new towns. London, Paris, Guangdong, São Paulo and