elated power imbalances we experienced at the host institution; this was a cross-cultural issue toogreat for me to even understand over the course of a mere six-month internship. However, was I justifiedin feeling powerless? Did I truly feel powerless? Is anyone truly removed of his or her agency in such asituation? The answer is no, and it was a failure for me to think that it was.I want to reiterate that gender barriers were not the primary reason why I opted to leave theinternship – there was a long list of administrative problems. Nevertheless, the gender imbalance wasstill frustrating given that in the cross-cultural context the gender barriers were precarious to cross, andgender related challenges still represent a contributing factor to the way I chose to use agency. I want togo back to the idea of individual agency, and the ability of agency to breakdown patriarchal structuresand build gender equality (Billett, 2006; Eisenhardt, 1989; Lois, 2000; 2004; Sandberg, 2003). From theperspective of gender, it is interesting to reflect on how I chose to use agency in deciding to leave theinternship. Was this an effective/responsible way for me to use agency? How did my use of agencyimpact gender equality within the internship program?The idea of agency explains how ‘individuals behave in the ways that they do because,otherwise, they would be contradicting their personal sense of being’ (Lois, 2000). This raises animportant question, “Can there be agency without a centered self?” (Gubrium & Holstein, 1995). Theanswer is yes, there can be. Agency can be used in creative and diverse ways, sometimes incorporatingself-imposed constraints, with the aim of greater social goals (Lois, 2000). In this regard, there exists adifference between social and individual agency (Billett, 2006). Individuals are able to construct different‘subjectively meaningful selves’ to benefit themselves, and to benefit others as well. The ‘self’ isbecoming an increasingly diverse projection from our daily life (Gubrium & Holstein, 1995).Within the development community, there is a novel idea about the benefits of openly admitting failure,and how organizations can become more effective and more transparent by annually reporting theirfailures (Bunting, 2011; Edmondson, 2011; Engineers Without Borders, <strong>2014</strong>). In my opinion, it is notuncommon to hear that CIDA funded internships are unsuccessful and fail to provide the interns with abeneficial working experience. Admitting to a long list of administrative failures is not my responsibility asone of the program beneficiaries; that is the responsibility of MSSRF, SICI, and CIDA. However, I canreport my personal failures from the internship, concerning the issue of gender equality and my use ofagency.CONCLUSIONI have had enough time to reflect on my internship experience: on the lessons I learned, and theopportunities foregone. Reflecting on the story of my internship from a gender perspective, and theinformation I have offered to support my narrative, I have at least one failure to report. I think bychoosing to quit the internship, I exercised agency in a predominantly contractual way. From acontractual perspective I was justified in leaving the internship due to the many administrativeshortcomings on promised deliverables. From the social and gender perspective, however, I exercisedagency in a way that lacked creativity and diversity. I should have exercised my agency more creatively,more diversely, and in a more social sense. I should have diversified myself, and stayed through theentire program. If not to see things through to the end, at least, out of respect for the other people I wasinterning with.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author would like to acknowledge his fellow interns, Mitalie Makhani (Univeristy of Toronto),Dawn Cordeiro (University of Guelph) and Gonee Saini (University of British Columbia). The author wouldlike to thank the Canadian International Development Agency, Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute and M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, respectively, for funding, organizing and hosting the internship.13
REFERENCESBillet, S. (2006). Relational Interdependence Between Social and Individual Agency in Work and WorkingLife. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 13(1), 53-69.Blackden, C.M. (1999).#Gender, Growth, and Poverty Reduction. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrievedfrom https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9873Brown, L.S. (1994). Subversive Dialogues: Theory in Feminist Therapy (pp. 178-199). New York, NY:Basic Books.Bunting, M. (2011). NGO Hopes to Benefit from Failure. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/ngos-failuremistakes-learn-encourageChowdry, G. (2003). Engendering Development? Women in Development (WID) in InternationalDevelopment Regimes. In M.H. Marchand & J.L. Parpart (Eds.), Feminism/Postmodernism/Development (pp. 26-41). New York, NY: Routledge.Church, E. (2009, December). Who’s in the Know: Women Surge, men sink in education’s gender gap.The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/whos-inthe-know-women-surge-men-sink-in-educations-gender-gap/article1380470/CUDO. (2012). University of Guelph: A4 Male Enrollment by Program (2012), A5 Female Enrollment byProgram (2012). Ottawa, Ontario: Common University Data Ontario. Retrieved from http://www.uoguelph.ca/analysis_planning/cudo/general/DFATD. (2011). Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada: Priority Themes. Ottawa, ON:Government of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/prioritythemesDe Beauvoir, S. (1949). The Second Sex. New York, NY: Random House.Edmondson, A.C. (2011). Strategies for Learning from Failure. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved fromhttp://hbr.org/2011/04/strategies-for-learning-from-failure/ar/1Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Agency Theory: An Assessment Review. The Academy of Management Review,14(1), 57-74.Engineers Without Borders. (<strong>2014</strong>). Admitting Failure. Retrieved from http://www.admittingfailure.com/Gottfried, H. (1998). Beyond Patriarchy? Theorizing Gender and Class. Sociology, 32(3), 451-468.Gubrium, J.F. & Holstein, J.A. (1995). Individual Agency, the Ordinary, and Postmodern Life. TheSociological Quarterly, 36(3), 555-570.Hartmann, H. (1976). The Historical Roots of Occupational Segregation: Capitalism, Patriarchy, and JobSegregation by Sex. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Hirsham, M. (2003). Women and Development: A Critique. In M.H. Marchand & J.L. Parpart (Eds.),Feminism/Postmodernism/Development (pp. 42-55). New York, NY: Routledge.Hooks, B. (2013). Dig Deep: Beyond Lean In. The Feminist Wire. Retrieved from http://thefeministwire.com/2013/10/17973/IDRC. (2013). Simple grain mill boosts production and eases women's workload. Ottawa, Ontario:Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada.Ignatius, A. (2013, November). I Try to Speak New Ideas. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved fromhttp://hbr.org/2013/11/i-try-to-spark-new-ideas/ar/Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London, UK: Verso.Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment: A critical Analysis of the ThirdMillennium Development Goal. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.Karas, K. (2011, January). Reason for Gender Gap in Universities Debated. The Globe and Mail.Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/reason-for-gendergap-in-universities-debated/article560781/Kardam, N. (1991). Bringing Women In: Women’s <strong>Issue</strong>s in International Development Programs. Boulder,CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Karl, M. (1995). Women and Empowerment: Participation and Decision Making. Atlantic Highlands, NJ:Zed Books.Krishnaraj, M. (2012). The Women’s Movement in India: A Hundred Year Story. Social Change, 42(3),325-333.14
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In development discourse especially
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REFERENCESBeaman, L., Chattopadhyay
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to embrace a more holistic self, on
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One moment which exemplifies this i
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REFERENCESCoston, B. M. and Kimmel,
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earning an income showed me some of
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Biographical SketchesRemy N. Bargou
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international development organizat