Undercurrent-Issue-Fall-Winter-2014-3

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REFERENCESAbelson, J., Forest, P., Eyles, J., Casebeer, A., Martin, E., & Mackean, G. (2007). Examining the" role of context in the implementation of a deliberative public participation experiment: results" from a Canadian comparative study. Social Science & Medicine, 64(10), 2115-2128.Beierle, T. C. (1999). Using social goals to evaluate public participation in environmental" decisions. Policy Studies Review, 16(3/4), 75.Bishop, P., & Davis, G. (2002). Mapping Public Participation in Policy Choices. Australian! Journal Of Public Administration, 61(1), 14.Gastil, J. (2000). Is Face-to-Face Citizen Deliberation a Luxury or a Necessity?. Political! Communication, 17(4), 357-361. doi:10.1080/10584600050178960King, C., Feltey, K. M., & Susel, B. (1998). The question of participation: Toward authentic" public participation in public administration. Public Administration Review, 58(4), 317-326.McGee, Sherry. (2000) Understanding Best Practices for Community Engagement in Municipal! Contexts. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from www.scholars.wlu.ca.Skotnitsky, L., & Ferguson, E. (2005). Building Community Capacity with Non-Profit Boards in" the Inner City. Canadian Journal Of Urban Research, 14(1), 32-53.Veenstra, G. (2002). Social capital and health (plus wealth, income inequality and regional" health governance). Social Science & Medicine, 54(6), 849.Zakus, J. D. & Lysack, C. L. (1998). Revisiting community participation. Health Policy and! Planning, 13(1), 1–12. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10178181.21
HIV Prevention Through Empowerment: An Assessment of TheShifting Trends in Anti-HIV Frameworks and Program Priorities ofHealth Interventions in Indian Female Sex Worker (FSW) CommunitiesFrom 1992 OnwardsBy: Ali TejparAbstract: As a population segment highly vulnerable to HIV infection, Indian female sex workers (FSWs)represent a demographic that has been targeted through numerous health interventions. As such, fourvarious development endeavours and the shifting trends in their HIV-prevention frameworks are assessedchronologically. The Sonagachi Project of 1992 framed HIV prevention in terms of worker and women’srights. This endeavour sought to empower FSWs through peer education to increase HIV awareness andestablish social support networks. The National AIDS Control Programme of the same year wascontrastingly focused on providing access to social and health resources such as condom promotion andantiretroviral therapy. However, research conducted in FSW communities have emphasized that condompromotion efforts have limited success given the structural inabilities of FSWs to negotiate condom usewith male stakeholders. The third intervention, the Aastha project of 2004 – implemented by FamilyHealth International, thereby focused on facilitating collective mobilization against oppressivestakeholders for over 20,000 FSWs throughout the targeted region. The final project, the Avahan initiativeof 2010 – funded by the Gates Foundation, accordingly sought to address the need to empower FSWsthrough improving their advocacy and negotiation skills with clients, while also enhancing their access tosocial and health resources. Through an assessment of the shifting priorities of anti-HIV efforts in FSWcommunities, it has become increasingly evident that recent endeavours to incorporate access to healthand social resources in addition to collective and individual empowerment strategies have providedeffective and sustainable solutions in reducing HIV risks. Challenges however remain in achievingcomprehensive HIV interventions through including male stakeholders in project planning andimplementation.INTRODUCTIONAs a state with a significant population living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), India is acountry whose “burden of infection makes tackling the HIV epidemic...a [national and international]health priority” (Blanchard et al. 2013:2). Within the estimated population of two and half million peopleliving with HIV, the Indian National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) has identified female sex workers(FSWs) as a specific high-risk group for HIV infection and transmission (Blanchard et al. 2013:2;Karandikar and Gezinski 2013:113). Accordingly, targeted health interventions in female sex workercommunities is considered to be essential by national policymakers and health experts to stemming thespread of the virus (Blanchard et al. 2013:2; Prinja et al. 2011:354). Despite the “expanding arsenal ofindividual level HIV prevention technologies” – such as antiretroviral treatments and pre/post-exposureprophylaxis –# there is substantial evidence that community-level empowerment interventions arefundamental to facilitating long-term prevention efforts (Ibid). Such methods aim to foster safe-sexbehaviours, increase health education, and facilitate access to HIV-prevention/treatment resources as ameans of combating the epidemic (Ibid). Female sex workers comprise a population segment at thegreatest risk of HIV infection as a result of “gender-based marginalization, exacerbated by poverty andcaste/class/ethnicity-based discrimination” (Swendeman et al. 2009:1158). This results in higher-risk sexwork due to a structural lack of power and agency to negotiate with clients (Ibid). In this regard, anumber of community-based interventions among female sex workers (FSWs) in India have beenimplemented in efforts to empower these groups via sexual health education, collective rightsbargaining, and the facilitation of access to HIV treatment resources.22
Page 7 and 8: How The World Learned to Name Viole
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Page 15 and 16: REFERENCESBillet, S. (2006). Relati
Page 17 and 18: Follow The MoneyBy: Karen Takacs" L
Page 19 and 20: no easy answers here, but shouldn
Page 21: However, the first and most importa
Page 27 and 28: ownership of land for housing (Ibid
Page 29 and 30: REFERENCESBharat, Shalini, Bidhubhu
Page 31 and 32: In addition, there is research requ
Page 33 and 34: " Survey results indicate a high le
Page 35 and 36: 361). It is also important to note
Page 37 and 38: SexLife Expectancy atBirthAdult Lit
Page 39 and 40: REFERENCESAfrican National Congress
Page 41 and 42: APPENDIX A:Figure A1: The indicator
Page 43 and 44: Reproductive Justice, Gender and In
Page 45 and 46: REFERENCESClare, E. (1999). Exile a
Page 47 and 48: women find themselves, and help the
Page 49 and 50: lending, it is not unreasonable to
Page 51 and 52: poverty than men, they may be less
Page 53 and 54: are helpful, they are not effective
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Page 57 and 58: contribute to women’s reproductiv
Page 59 and 60: Feminism is For Everybody, Except W
Page 61 and 62: addition to the uncertainty of mark
Page 63 and 64: In development discourse especially
Page 65 and 66: REFERENCESBeaman, L., Chattopadhyay
Page 67 and 68: to embrace a more holistic self, on
Page 69 and 70: One moment which exemplifies this i
Page 71 and 72: REFERENCESCoston, B. M. and Kimmel,
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earning an income showed me some of
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Biographical SketchesRemy N. Bargou
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international development organizat
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