Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Wild Boars from the Istria and Cres ...

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Wild Boars from the Istria and Cres Island323Table 1. Polymorphic nucleotide positions within 428–bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region found in 260 wildboars sampled in different European countries. Nucleotide positions are numbered according to the reference sequence GenBankAJ002189 (Ursing and Arnason, 1998)Haplotypes 411-bp fragment(Alves et al. 2010)H1 (AJ002189) S035, S119 T T T T A A A C T A C T A C A T A G TH2 S022, S023, S029 . . . C . . . . C . . . . . . . . .H3 S085 . . . . . . . . C . T . . . . . . . .H4 S085 . . . . . . . . C . T . G . . . . . .H5 S021 . . . C . . . . . . . . G . . . . . .H6 S021, S083 . . . C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H7 S115 . . . C . . . . C G . . . . . . . . .H8 S056 . . . . . . . . C G . . . . . . . . .H9 S029 . . . C . . . . C . . . . . G . . . .H10 S117 C . . C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H11 S116 . . . C G . . . C G . . . . . . . . .H12 S054 . . . C G . . . C . . . . . G . . . .H13 S117 . . . C . . . T C . . . . . . . . . .H14 . . . . . . G . C . T . . . . . . . .H15 . . . C . . G . C . . . . . . . . . .H16 . . . C . . . . C . . . G . . . . . .H17 . C . C . G . T . . T C . T . . G . .H18 S011 . . C . . G . . . . . . G . . C G . GH19 . C . C . G . T . . T C . T . . G . GH20 S069, S012 . . C . . G . . C . . . G . . C G . GH21 S012 . . C . . G . . C . . . G . . C G T G15674156751571115714157231572915737157411575815822158251584015878158871593615995160101603216045Table 2. Distribution of haplotype frequencies of the 428–bpfragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 260 wildboars sampled in different European countriesHaplotype Portugal Spain Austria France Italy/R Italy/G Croatia TotalH1 3 1 4H2 7 14 2 35 2 60H3 3 2 5 10H4 2 2H5 1 18 19H6 3 10 1 31 45H7 3 15 18H8 8 8H9 14 14H10 1 1H11 11 11H12 16 16H13 5 5H14 6 6H15 9 9H16 7 7H17 13 13H18 6 6H19 2 2H20 3 3H21 1 1Italy/R refers to all regions in Italy except Gorizia;Italy/G refers to the north-eastern Italian region, Goriziather research, we propose a hypothesis that wild boars populationsplaced in Istria, Cres Island, Slovenia and Goriza form onepopulation. Still, this hypothesis has to be tested with analysesbased on nuclear markers such as microsatellites or/and SNPs.Unfortunately, on the sequence analyzed, we were not ableto make distinction between S022, S023 and S029 (here H2) norbetween S021 and S083 (here H6) that would provide more informativeresults. Thus, we plan to extend our analyses to the largenumber of wild boars distributed all over Croatia and neighboringcountries as well as to a larger mtDNA sequence fragment.ConclusionsIn analyses performed on the 33 wild boars hunted in Istriaand Cres Island, we have observed two haplotypes (H2 and H6),both, identified as haplotypes of E1 clade that is known to bepresent in European wild and domestic pigs. While we cannotexclude the possibility that clade E2 occurs at a low frequencyin Croatia, the results obtained here further support the indigenousstatus (Italy) of the clade E2. Furthermore, of the resultsobtained indicate drastic changes in the maternal origin of thewild boars in Istria and Cres Island during last 11000 years.Obtained results also pointed to the closeness of the maternalorigin between wild boars hunted in north–eastern Italy (Gorizia)and those hunted in Istria and Cres Island, leaving possibilitythey might form one population.ReferencesAlves P. C., Pinheiro I., Godinho R., Vincente J., Gortázar C.,Scandura M. (2010). Genetic diversity of wild boar populationsand domestic pig breeds (Sus scrofa) in South–western Europe.Biol J Linnean Soc 101: 797–822.Giuffra E., Kijas J. M. H., Amarger V., Carlborg Ö., Jeon J.T., Andersson L. (2000). The Origin of the Domestic Pig:Independent Domestication and Subsequent Introgression.Genetics 154: 1785–1791.Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 76 (2011) No. 4

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