private and group tutoring in egypt: where is the gender inequality?

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Table 7: Percentage of Children Attending School by Gender and BackgroundCharacteristicBackgroundCharacteristic Boys Girls TotalNumber ofBoysNumber ofGirlsSampleSizeAge group6-11 93.9 87.5 90.8 1408.0 1339.0 2747.012-14 87.7 80.8 84.2 926.0 931.0 1857.015-18 65.0 55.7 60.4 1171.0 1103.0 2274.0Urban / RuralUrban 87.5 85.2 86.3 2065.0 2036.0 4101.0Rural 79.6 68.4 74.2 1440.0 1337.0 2777.0RegionsGreater Cairo 91.0 87.8 89.3 510.0 552.0 1062.0Alex & Canal 88.0 84.2 86.0 379.0 405.0 784.0Lower Egypt 81.2 76.5 78.9 1287.0 1212.0 2499.0Urban 83.2 83.9 83.6 513.0 504.0 1017.0Rural 80.6 74.3 77.6 774.0 708.0 1482.0Upper Egypt 80.0 65.5 73.1 1329.0 1204.0 2,533 |Urban 86.0 82.4 84.3 663.0 575.0 1238.0Rural 78.5 61.3 70.2 666.0 629.0 1295.0WealthLowest UrbanQuintile 74.3 68.6 71.5 584.0 534.0 1118.0Highest UrbanQuintile 98.0 97.1 97.6 333.0 300.0 633.0Lowest RuralQuintile 71.2 44.1 58.8 255.0 226.0 481.0Highest RuralQuintile 91.7 91.6 91.7 307.0 292.0 599.0Total ELMS 98 82.5 74.9 78.8 3505.0 3373.0 6878.0Source: ELMS 9816
Table 8: Private Tutoring ProbitsIndividual characteristicsProbit(1)Bivariate Probit(2)Governorate FixedEffects(3)GovernorateRandom Effects(4)Female -0.03 -0.03 -0.028 -0.028-0.88 -0.87 -0.8 -0.82Age group 12-14 0.616 0.614 0.632 0.628(14.50)*** (14.43)*** (14.72)*** (14.65)***Age group 15-19 0.561 0.558 0.574 0.569(11.75)*** (11.70)*** (11.93)*** (11.80)***Eldest child 0.093 0.097 0.083 0.085(2.25)** (2.33)** (1.99)** (2.03)**Son/daughter of head 0.088 0.085 0.113 0.108-1.32 -1.27 (1.66)* -1.6Late -0.059 -0.06 -0.074 -0.073-1.01 -1.03 -1.26 -1.25School operates in shifts -0.004 -0.005 0.016 0.016-0.1 -0.12 -0.43 -0.44Diploma year 0.28 0.279 0.292 0.289(6.83)*** (6.81)*** (7.06)*** (6.99)***Household characteristicsFather's years of schooling 0.046 0.046 0.043 0.041(4.03)*** (4.03)*** (3.78)*** (3.60)***Square of father's years of -0.003 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003schooling(4.11)*** (4.10)*** (4.05)*** (3.90)***Mother's years of schooling 0.029 0.028 0.036 0.035Square of mother's years ofschooling(2.48)** (2.43)** (3.05)*** (2.98)***-0.003 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003(3.14)*** (3.09)*** (3.32)*** (3.33)***Father absent temporarily 0.18 0.171 0.194 0.186(2.15)** (2.03)** (2.28)** (2.19)**Father absent permanently 0.168 0.165 0.165 0.155(2.36)** (2.32)** (2.30)** (2.17)**Mother absent 0.074 0.071 0.09 0.08-0.67 -0.64 -0.79 -0.71HH in 2nd lowest urbanquintile0.263 0.26 0.24 0.226(3.90)*** (3.87)*** (3.53)*** (3.36)***HH in third urban quintile 0.325 0.324 0.293 0.269(4.49)*** (4.48)*** (4.01)*** (3.75)***HH in fourth urban quintile 0.43 0.429 0.381 0.35(5.64)*** (5.64)*** (4.94)*** (4.67)***HH in fifth urban quintile 0.486 0.484 0.444 0.401(5.53)*** (5.50)*** (5.05)*** (4.80)***HH in 2nd lowest ruralquintile0.235 0.227 0.201 0.206(2.20)** (2.14)** (1.84)* (1.88)*HH in third rural quintile 0.004 -0.002 0.112 0.114-0.04 -0.01 -1.01 -1.05HH in fourth rural quintile 0.293 0.286 0.372 0.369(2.80)*** (2.74)*** (3.42)*** (3.50)***HH in fifth rural quintile 0.583 0.572 0.719 0.71717
Page 1 and 2: PRIVATE AND GROUP TUTORING IN EGYPT
Page 3 and 4: 1. IntroductionAlthough technically
Page 5 and 6: 3. Evidence on Tutoring3.1. Tutorin
Page 7 and 8: Mindful of the potentially high cov
Page 9 and 10: ReferencesAlderman, H., Behrman, J.
Page 11 and 12: Table 2: Percentage of Students Rec
Page 13 and 14: Table 4: Average Yearly Spending on
Page 15: Table 6: Percentage of Dropouts by
Page 19 and 20: Table 9: Group Tutoring ProbitsProb
Page 21 and 22: Table 10: Marginal Effects for Prob
Page 23 and 24: Table 11: Spending (Tobit) Models C
Page 25 and 26: Table 13: Private Tutoring, by Educ
Page 27 and 28: Table 14: Group Tutoring, by Educat
Page 29: Table 15: Wife and Husband Educatio

private and group tutoring in egypt: where is the gender inequality?

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