private and group tutoring in egypt: where is the gender inequality?

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Table 9: Group Tutoring Probits Contd.ProbitBivariate Probit(2)Governorate FixedEffects(3)GovernorateRandom Effects(4)(1)HH in fifth rural quintile 0.144 0.138 0.032 0.021-1.19 -1.15 -0.25 -0.17Community characteristicsProportion of thoseworking in educationIndustry / working agepopulation-0.077 -0.078 -0.089 -0.097(5.88)*** (6.02)*** (6.30)*** (7.73)***Alexandria & Canal cities -0.575 -0.564(5.92)*** (5.81)***Upper Egypt -0.722 -0.702(8.41)*** (8.18)***Lower Egypt -0.773 -0.754(8.09)*** (7.89)***Urban -0.024 -0.026 -0.043 -0.017-0.22 -0.23 -0.38 -0.15Teacher pupil ratio ingeneral secondary level-0.042 -0.041Teacher pupil ratio inpreparatory levelTeacher pupil in primarylevel-1.42 -1.38-0.009 -0.01-0.81 -0.870.065 0.064(6.81)*** (6.77)***Constant -1.015 -0.979 -0.186 -0.527(4.37)*** (4.25)*** -1.3 (4.11)***Observations 6114 6114 6114 6114-Log likelihood 2379 6022 2311 2354Test for joint significance 0.54 0.55 0.4 0.37of interactions with gender(P-value)Absolute value of z statistics in parentheses* Significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%.20
Table 10: Marginal Effects for Probit ModelsMarginal EffectsPrivate Tutoring ProbitGroup Tutoring ProbitIndividual characteristicsFemale -0.005 0.021Age group 12-14 0.149 0.016Agegroup15-19 0.132 -0.120Eldest child 0.017 0.056Son/daughter of head 0.016 -0.002Late -0.010 0.068Shifts -0.001 0.027Diploma year 0.056 0.026Household characteristicsFather's years of schooling 0.008 -0.003Square of father's years ofschooling 0.000 0.000Mother's years of schooling 0.005 0.018Square of mother's years ofschooling 0.000 -0.002Father absent temporarily 0.034 0.070Father absent permanently 0.032 -0.024Mother absent 0.013 0.004HH in 2nd lowest urban quintile 0.052 -0.036HH in third urban wealth quintile 0.067 -0.017HH in fourth urban wealth quintile 0.094 -0.083HH in fifth urban wealth quintile 0.110 -0.018HH in 2nd lowest rural quintile 0.046 0.049HH in third rural quintile 0.001 0.063HH in fourth rural quintile 0.059 0.073HH in fifth rural quintile 0.138 0.052Community characteristicsProportion of those working ineducation Industry / working agepop 0.005 -0.027Alexandria & Canal cities -0.003 -0.164Upper Egypt -0.010 -0.193Lower Egypt 0.112 -0.202Urban 0.078 -0.008Teacher pupil ratio in generalsecondary level -0.010 -0.015Teacher pupil ratio in preparatorylevel 0.001 -0.003Teacher pupil in primary level 0.003 0.02221
Page 1 and 2: PRIVATE AND GROUP TUTORING IN EGYPT
Page 3 and 4: 1. IntroductionAlthough technically
Page 5 and 6: 3. Evidence on Tutoring3.1. Tutorin
Page 7 and 8: Mindful of the potentially high cov
Page 9 and 10: ReferencesAlderman, H., Behrman, J.
Page 11 and 12: Table 2: Percentage of Students Rec
Page 13 and 14: Table 4: Average Yearly Spending on
Page 15 and 16: Table 6: Percentage of Dropouts by
Page 17 and 18: Table 8: Private Tutoring ProbitsIn
Page 19: Table 9: Group Tutoring ProbitsProb
Page 23 and 24: Table 11: Spending (Tobit) Models C
Page 25 and 26: Table 13: Private Tutoring, by Educ
Page 27 and 28: Table 14: Group Tutoring, by Educat
Page 29: Table 15: Wife and Husband Educatio

private and group tutoring in egypt: where is the gender inequality?

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