SITRANS F flowmeters - Industria de Siemens

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SITRANS F flowmetersSITRANS F O delta p - Primary differential pressure devicesTechnical description© Siemens AG 20094Principle of the differential pressure methodPrinciple of the differential pressure method: Pressure curve at a pipe restrictionA primary differential pressure device is installed at the measuringpoint to measure the flow. This restricts the pipe and has twoconnections for sampling the differential pressure. If the propertiesof the primary device and the medium are known such thatthe equation below can be evaluated, the differential pressure isa measure of the absolute flow. No comparison measurementsare required; the flow measurement can be checked independentof the device manufacturer.The differential pressure method is based on the law of continuityand Bernoulli’s energy equation.According to the law of continuity, the flow of a moving mediumin a pipeline is the same at all points. If the cross-section is reducedat one point, the flow velocity must increase at this point.According to Bernoulli’s energy equation, the energy content ofa flowing medium is constant and is the total of the static (pressure)and kinetic (movement) energies. An increase in the flowrate therefore results in a reduction in the static pressure (see thefigure "Principle of the differential pressure method: Pressurecurve at a pipe restriction"). This pressure difference Δp, the socalleddifferential pressure, is a measure of the flow.In general the following equation applies: q = c√ΔpWhere:• q: flow (q m , q v ) mass flow or volume flow• Δp: Differential pressure• c: Factor depending on the dimensions of the pipeline, thetype of constriction, the density of the flowing medium etc.According to this equation, the differential pressure created bythe constriction is proportionally equal to the square of the flow(see the figure "Relationship between flow q and differentialpressure Δp").■ IntegrationThe orifice plate is installed between two flanges in the pipeline.Using compensation vessels (for steam) and initial shut-offvalves the differential pressure of the high-pressure side andlow-pressure side is directed through differential pressure linesto a multiple valve manifold and on to the differential pressuretransmitter. For media with extreme pressure and temperaturefluctuations it makes sense to take an additional measurement ofthe pressure and temperature in order to correct the flow signalof the transmitter in a subsequent correction computer.Selection of mounting pointThe flow measuring regulations DIN EN ISO 5167 do not onlyconsider the design of primary differential pressure devices, butalso assume that their installation is in accordance with the standardso that the specified tolerances can be retained. Installationin accordance with the standard should already be consideredwhen planning the pipeline. Particular attention must bepaid to ensure that the primary device can be fitted in a sufficientlylong straight section of pipe. Bends, valves and similarmust be fitted so far upstream of the primary device that they nolonger have a detrimental effect. Primary devices with a large diameterratio are particularly sensitive to interferences.Design of measuring pointThe design of the measuring point depends on the medium andon the spatial conditions. The designs for gas and water only differin the arrangement of the tapping sockets (see the figure"Measuring setup"); compensation vessels must additionally beprovided for steam.■ OptionsFurther versions that are available on request:• Other nominal diameters and nominal pressures to EN andASME• Other lengths, special lengths• Other materials• Sealing face with recess or groove• Flushing rings• Other tapping sockets, multiple tappings• Material acceptance test certificates or cold water pressuretests4/322 Siemens FI 01 · 2009March 2009
■ Characteristic curvesThe orifice plate has a square-law relationship between differentialpressure and flow. A square-root transmitter is requiredtherefore to create a linear flow characteristic.© Siemens AG 2009SITRANS F flowmetersSITRANS F O delta p - Primary differential pressure devicesTechnical descriptionq 0 1 3 5 8 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %Δp 0 0.01 0.09 0.25 0.64 1 2.25 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 %Relationship between flow q and differential pressure ΔpSetting range for application point of square-rooted charateristicfor SITRANS P differential pressure transmitter4■ More information• Standards• Instruction Manual SITRANS P• Installation InstructionsMarch 2009Siemens FI 01 · 20094/323
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SITRANS F flowmeters - Industria de Siemens

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