Understanding Neutron Radiography

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Spontaneous Fission A few materials fission spontaneously, that is, without the input of neutrons from outside the material. A practical spontaneous fission source for neutron radiography is Cf-252. The Wiki Radioisotopes Which Undergo Spontaneous Fission. Certain isotopes undergo spontaneous fission with emission of neutrons. The most commonly used spontaneous fission source is the radioactive isotope californium-252. Cf-252 and all other spontaneous fission neutron sources are produced by irradiating uranium or another transuranic element in a nuclear reactor, where neutrons are absorbed in the starting material and its subsequent reaction products, transmuting the starting material into the SF isotope. Cf-252 neutron sources are typically 1/4" to 1/2" in diameter and 1" to 2" in length. When purchased new a typical Cf-252 neutron source emits between 1×10 7 to 1×10 9 neutrons per second but, with a half life of 2.6 years, this neutron output rate drops to half of this original value in 2.6 years. The price of a typical Cf-252 neutron source is from $15,000 to $20,000. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<strong>Neutron</strong>_source
Radioactive Decay Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Reactions
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Understanding Neutron Radiography R
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Military Applications Charlie Chong
Page 5 and 6: Military Applications Charlie Chong
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Page 9 and 10: 3. Techniques/Calibrations • Bloc
Page 13 and 14: Greek Alphabet Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 17 and 18: Reading I SECTION 12-Neutron Radiog
Page 19 and 20: The text includes helpful discussio
Page 21 and 22: PART 1 PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRON RADIOG
Page 23 and 24: Advantages lt is the differences be
Page 25 and 26: For photons: I = I o e -μx t For N
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1 provides a comparison of t
Page 29 and 30: FIGURE 1. Mass Attenuation Coeffici
Page 33 and 34: Neutron Radiography There is a mark
Page 35 and 36: hydrogen/boron beryllium/ water cad
Page 39 and 40: Radioactive Objects An additional a
Page 41 and 42: lmaging Neutron radiographs usually
Page 43 and 44: PART 2 EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES Cha
Page 45 and 46: ■ Fission When a neutron enters a
Page 47 and 48: U-235 and Pu-239. Charlie Chong/ Fi
Page 49 and 50: U-235 and Pu-239. Charlie Chong/ Fi
Page 51 and 52: Alpha Particles Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 53 and 54: Alpha Particles Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 55: Photoneutrons The necessary energy
Page 59 and 60: 2.2 Neutron Energies As with all pe
Page 61 and 62: Thermal Neutrons “Produced by slo
Page 63 and 64: There are applications in which the
Page 65 and 66: FIGURE 2. Neutron Radiographs of Hi
Page 67 and 68: Fast Neutrons “Fast neutrons prov
Page 69 and 70: Moderators A complete description o
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 2. Slowing Down Properties of
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Some Thermallzatlon Factor
Page 75 and 76: 2.4 Neutron Collimation Beam extrac
Page 77 and 78: FIGURE 4. Neutron Collimators: (a)
Page 79 and 80: Divergent Collimators The primary a
Page 81 and 82: As in X- radiography, the geometric
Page 83 and 84: Geometric Unsharpness (neutron radi
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Page 87 and 88: Backscatter It is good practice to
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 4. Average Characteristics of
Page 91 and 92: Nuclear Reactor The majority of pra
Page 93 and 94: Accelerators Numerous nuclear react
Page 95 and 96: (d.T) Source A reaction that has re
Page 97 and 98: Nuclear physicist at the Idaho Nati
Page 99 and 100: The gas pressure in the ion source
Page 101 and 102: (X.n) Sources Electron accelerators
Page 103 and 104: The threshold energy for photoneutr
Page 105 and 106: Bremsstrahlung , from bremsen "to b
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Characteristic x-rays are emitted f
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The frequencies of the characterist
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"Bremsstrahlung" means "braking rad
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Bohr’s Model Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Bohr’s Model Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Electron Orbital Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Plasma Sources Radiography with fas
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TABLE 5. Some Radloaalve Sources fo
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TABLE 5. Some Radloaalve Sources fo
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■ (γ,n) Sources The (γ,n) react
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■ Cf-252 On the basis of technica
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Subcritical Flux Boosters By defint
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Neutron Intensity Very few, if any,
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Beam Tailoring A neutron beam extra
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Foil Filters Some materials have sp
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■ Window Filters For some element
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Fig.14-5 The neutron yield strongly
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■ Time of Flight It is possible t
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2.7 Neutron Image Detectors All the
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FIGURE 5. Diagrams for Neutron Radi
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TABLE 6. Properties of Some Thermal
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■ Transfer Method In the transfer
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Transfer Method Examples Transfer r
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■ Exposures, Contrast, Resolution
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■ Reciprocity-Law Failure Scintil
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■ Neutron-Gamma Response One impo
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■ Real-Time Neutron Image Detecti
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■ Other Detectors for Thermal Neu
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■ Track-Etch Results The track-et
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1) Epithermal Neutrons Work with ne
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3) Fast Neutrons The other energy r
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As an example, copper screens are o
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■ Detector Discussion Image detec
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3.1 General General applications fo
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FIGURE 6. Radiographs of Explosive
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FIGURE 7. Thermal Neutron Radiograp
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3.8 Nuclear Industry Nuclear applic
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PART 4 NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY STANDARD
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4.2 System Performance Standards St
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Those sources of radiation subject
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■ Personnel Protection All NRC li
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5.1 Neutron cross sections Neutron
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TABLE 9. Thermal Neutron Linear Att
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As an example, consider the calcula
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FIGURE 10. Half-Value Layers of Sel
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FIGURE 11. Tenth-Value Layers of Se
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5.3 Tenth-Value Layers There will b
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End Of Reading Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Source of Neutrons Charlie Chong/ F
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Radioactive Decay Interactive http:
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Source of Neutrons-Beta Decay Decay
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Source of Neutrons 236 U 92 ? Charl
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Radioactive Decay Charlie Chong/ Fi
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http://periodictable.com/Isotopes/0
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Neutron Energy & Detectability Slow
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Neutron Energy & Detectability Slow
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■ωσμ∙Ωπ∆º≠δ≤>ηθ
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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