3.5 Methods <strong>of</strong> Comparative Education: Descriptive; Historical;Sociological; Qualitative; Analytical; Syn<strong>the</strong>sis3.6 Comparative Systems <strong>of</strong> Education in Selected Countries USA, UK,Japan, Canada, China, India, Malaysia, Pakistan3.7 Issues and Problems <strong>of</strong> Education in Pakistan related to: relevance;Access; Equity; Quality; Human Resources; Financial Resources;Madrassa Education; Medium <strong>of</strong> Instruction.4. Research Methods in Education4.1 Scientific Method and its Application in Education4.2 Sampling Techniques4.2.1 Probability Sampling Techniques: Random Sampling;Stratified Sampling; Cluster Sampling4.2.2 Non-Probability Sampling Techniques: Systematic Sampling;Convenience Sampling; Purposive Sampling;4.3 Research Instruments: Questionnaire; Interview; Tests;Observation; Rating Scale4.4 Types <strong>of</strong> Research: Basic/Applied Research; Historical Research;Descriptive Research; Correlation Research; Causal-ComparativeResearch; Experimental Research; Action Research; Qualitativeand Quantitative Research4.5 Research Proposal and Report4.5.1 Preparing a Research Proposal4.5.2 Writing a Research Repot4.5.3 Distinction between a Research Proposal and a Report.5. Educational Administration and Supervision5.1 The Concept <strong>of</strong> Administration5.1.1 Process <strong>of</strong> Administration5.1.2 Relationship between Administration and Supervision5.2 Educational Planning and Organization in Pakistan5.2.1 Organizational Pattern <strong>of</strong> Education in Pakistan5.2.2 Role <strong>of</strong> Federal Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education5.2.3 Role <strong>of</strong> Provincial Ministry and its Various Agencies5.2.4 Educational Statistics and its Role in Planning5.2.5 Financing Education in Pakistan5.2.6 Educational Administration Under Devolution Plan5.3 Approaches to Educational Administration: Democratic;Authoritarian; Laissez-faire5.4 Function <strong>of</strong> Administration5.4.1 Leadership in Improvement <strong>of</strong> Educational Institution5.4.2 Leadership in Improvement <strong>of</strong> Staff in Educational Institution5.4.3 Leadership in Parents and Community Relations5.4.4 Leadership in improving <strong>the</strong> Educational Programme
5.4.5 Leadership in <strong>the</strong> Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Educational Institution5.5 Educational Supervision5.5.1 Process <strong>of</strong> Supervision5.5.2 Importance <strong>of</strong> Supervision5.5.3 Principles <strong>of</strong> Supervision5.6 Agencies and Organizations promoting Education in Pakistan5.6.1 National Commission <strong>for</strong> human development (NCHD)5.6.2 National Technical and Vocational Education Authority(NTVEA)5.6.3 Higher Education Commission (HEC)RECOMMENDED BOOKS:1. Ornstein. Foundations <strong>of</strong> Education 9 th ed. 2006.2. Fraenkel. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education 6 th ed. 2006.3. Briggs. Managing Effective Learning and Teaching 2006.4. Dennis. Child Psychology & <strong>the</strong> Teacher, 7 th edition. 2004.5. JW Best. Research in Education, 7 th edition. 2004.6. AV Kelly. The Curriculum Theory & Practice, 5 th edition. 20047. Roblyer. Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 2 nd ed. 20008. J.E. Cohen. Educating All Children – A Global Agenda. 2006.9. Robert L. Ebel. Essential Educational Measurement, Prentice Hall. 1991.10.Louis Cohen. Research Methods in Education, Routledge. 200711. Bloom, B.S., Hastings, J.T., & Madaus, G.F. (1971). Handbook on <strong>for</strong>mative andsummative evaluation <strong>of</strong> student learning; New York: McGraw-Hill.12.Gagne, R.M. (1974). Essentials <strong>of</strong> learning <strong>for</strong> instruction. New York: Deyden Press.13.Goodlad, J.I., & Associates. (1979). Curriculum Inquiry: The study <strong>of</strong> curriculumpractice. New York: McGraw-Hill.14. Hass, G. (1987). Curriculum Planning: A new approach (5 th ed.). Boston: Allyn &Bacon.15. Saylor, J.G., Alexander, W.M., & Lewis, A.J. (1981). Curriculum Planning <strong>for</strong> betterteaching and learning. (4 th ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.16. Slavin, Robert, Educational Psychology, Theory and Practice, 7 th ed. Boston: Allynand Bacon, 2003.17. Woolfolk, Anita, Educational Psychology, 9 th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2005.
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