chapter 3 inventory of local food systems

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Project CP/59 - “Instruments and institutions to develop local food systems” (this however was not the case when there was not enough food for all or where there is a general deficiency of certain micronutrients) (Halweil, 2002). Food specialists argue that an important part of the increase in obesity and related diseases around the world can be attributed to the spread of a distinctly non-local diet, that is the fast-food diet that originates in the United States and is defined by large amounts of meat, fired food, sugar and highly processed items. 1.2.2.5. Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is a complex of attitudes whereby a positive attitude towards the in-group is linked to a negative attitude towards out-groups. It arises when indigineous and foreign groups compete for scarce goods (Jacobs et al., 2001). For example, Vandermersch and Mathijs (2004) demonstrate that consumers do not mention the origin as an explicit reason for purchase, but that consumers with ethnocentric motives are more inclined to buy local apple varieties. 1.2.3. Factors at producer level Farmers already active in LFS advise their colleague farmers to contact their colleague growers because everyone can learn a lot from the experiences of the others, on the growth-technical field as well as on the marketing field (Innovation support point for agriculture and rural regions – Innovatiesteunpunt voor landbouw en platteland, 2003, p. 14). It appears from here that among other things the exchange of knowledge at producers’ level can be an important stimulus to participate in a food network. LFS can further offer common solutions to their members concerning cost of investments, and concerning legislation. 1.2.3.1. Transaction costs Transaction costs are defined as the costs linked to the organisation of the exchange between different partners (Verhaegen and Van Huylenbroeck, 2001). They concern the information costs linked to building knowledge, needed for the production and marketing of a specific product. Furthermore, also the interaction costs, needed to reach an agreement with a specific partner, are part of the transaction costs. A third cost item to be taken into account concerns the control of living up to agreements made. Innovation in the field of organisation forms is also possible, provided the private transaction costs can be sufficiently reduced that way. When a common action is undertaken, these costs can be carried in group and individual transaction costs seem to decrease. The search for new and trustworthy partners within the conventional market system for instance, brings along important costs (Réviron et al., 2004). Here too, trust is an important factor. An investment in hybrid organisations leads to mutual dependence. Hybride organisations emerge because partners see that they can profit from joint investements. By accepting these, they also accept this mutual dependence. Such confidence in the colleagues who work in a similar way offers extra space for the participating players to invest in other activities. SPSD II - Part I - Sustainable production and consumption patterns - Agro-Food 15
Project CP/59 - “Instruments and institutions to develop local food systems” 1.2.3.2. Product differentiation as a reaction to market liberalisation Farmers in the West are more and more in a situation of increasing production costs in their own country on the one hand, and decreasing world market prices on the other hand. There are enough reasons to question the production for this world market. Studies have demonstrated that diversified, ecological farms are less dependent upon purchased inputs, and that they use ecological processes on the field, have less maintenance costs and use land, nutrients, energy and other inputs in a more efficient way than the chemical, intensive monocultures (Halweil, 2003). That way, product differentiation can go along with an evolution towards sustainable consumption. 1.3. The impact of LFS In order to assess the impact of LFS, and also to make a comparison between LFS and mainstream food systems (MFS), indicators exist that verify the sustainability of these systems at the social, economic and ecological level. On the social level, these indicators are rather of a qualitative kind, whereas at the economic and certainly the ecological level, hard figures can be reproduced, and compared, more easily. In the next we give a list of the indicators appearing in the literature. 1.3.1. Social impact Although economic aspects are usually the most important incentive to enter into an LFS, social aspects seem to be more important in the further motivation once one is convinced of the economic necessity (Janzen and de Vlieger, 1999). Communication aspects are very important in order to play on the economic and/or social impulse of the consumer. In research concerning the social impact of LFS, one can work with a number of existing indicators, which have been previously described. However, it is important to spot the ideas and suggestions that are passed, consciously or not, by the members of an LFS. In this case, it may concern elements that can be found in several LFS, but just as well a single element that is important for a specific player from a specific LFS. This isolated element is equally important when social sustainability of an initiative is assessed, precisely because of the social aspect which is anchored at the individual level as well as at community level. Just like the factors that are important for the development of LFS have been split up into factors at community, consumer and producer level, the social impact can be split up in an analogous way. 1.3.1.1. Social impact at community level Description of the network The presence of a network can raise a certain group feeling within (part of a) community and lead to embedding of its members. Such a coherent community demands a certain dedication from the persons concerned but it also brings along a few delights. The SPSD II - Part I - Sustainable production and consumption patterns - Agro-Food 16
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